Table 3. Comparison of patient characteristics with CAKUT vs. no CAKUT.
* For male patients
CAKUT, congenital anomaly of kidney and urinary tract; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; LSCS, lower segment cesarean section; UTI, urinary tract infection
| Parameters | CAKUT (n = 19) | No CAKUT (n = 252) | X2 value | p-value |
| Gender (male) | 10 (52.6%) | 99 (39.3%) | 1.31 | 0.253 |
| Chinese | 18 (94.7%) | 241 (95.6%) | 0.03 | 0.59 |
| Singleton | 18 (94.7%) | 240 (95.2%) | 0.01 | 1 |
| Parity | ||||
| 1 | 11 (57.9%) | 135 (53.6%) | 0.14 | 0.932 |
| 2 | 7 (36.8%) | 101 (40.1%) | ||
| ≥3 | 1 (5.3%) | 16 (6.3%) | ||
| Gestations (weeks) | 38 (37, 39) | 38 (37, 39) | - | 0.475 |
| Birth weight (grams) | 3,010 (2,710, 3,350) | 3,015 (2,710, 3,325) | - | 0.861 |
| Mode of delivery | ||||
| Vaginal delivery | 9 (47.4%) | 167 (66.3%) | 2.77 | 0.096 |
| LSCS | 10 (52.6%) | 85 (33.7%) | ||
| Apgar score at one minute | 8 (8, 8) | 8 (8, 8) | - | 0.489 |
| Apgar score at five minutes | 8 (8, 9) | 9 (8, 9) | - | 0.298 |
| Maternal age (years) | 31.5 (26.8, 35.3) | 32.0 (29.0, 36.0) | - | 0.416 |
| Maternal GDM | 0 | 19 (7.5%) | 1.54 | 0.377 |
| Abnormal newborn exam | ||||
| Cardiovascular | 5 (26.3%) | 17 (6.7%) | 9.07 | 0.012 |
| Gastrointestinal | 1 (5.3%) | 4 (1.6%) | 1.32 | 0.307 |
| Limb | 2 (10.5%) | 3 (1.2%) | 8.5 | 0.041 |
| Preauricular | 1 (5.3%) | 8 (3.2%) | 0.24 | 0.485 |
| Sacral | 3 (15.8%) | 9 (3.6%) | 6.23 | 0.043 |
| Urogenital* | 0 | 2 (2.0%) | 0.21 | 1 |
| UTI | 3 (15.8%) | 3 (1.2%) | 17.39 | 0.005 |