Table 3.

Clinical characteristics and treatment courses in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome caused by hypopituitarism.

References	Sex	Age at diagnosis of hypopituitarism (years)	Age at diagnosis of HPS (years)	Cause of hypopituitarism	rHGH duration before HPS onset	Initial treatment	Treatment course
This case	F	12	18	Craniopharyngioma	2 months	rHGH	Respiratory symptoms improved in 3 months, and shunt ratio returned to the normal range in 6 months
Zhang et al., 2022 (2)	F	7	13	Craniopharyngioma	No	rHGH	Respiratory symptoms improved after 1 month, and liver function and oxygenation improved after 1 year.
Alabsawy et al., 2021 (5)	M	1	27	ND	17 years	rHGH	Awaiting a donor for LT
Ji et al., 2021 (6)	M	10	29	Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome	5 years	rHGH	Respiratory symptoms improved in 1 month, and shunt ratio returned to the normal range after 14 months of rHGH treatment.
Torii et al., 2018 (10)	M	2	23	Pituitary stalk rupture	6 years	rHGH	NASH improved in follow-up biopsy performed after 5 months.
Jung et al., 2018 (3)	F	11	19	Craniopharyngioma	ND	rHGH	Awaiting a donor for LT
Fujio et al., 2015 (8)	M	11	15	Mature teratoma/germinoma	No	LT	NASH recurred 5 years after LT, followed by the initiation of rHGH treatment. The patient has been stable for the next 5 years.
Justino et al., 2010 (9)	F	14	17	Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the sellar turcica	No	weight reduction with calorie restriction	Resolution of HPS within the first 4 months but progressed to porto-pulmonary hypertension after 2 months. The patient has remained stable with pulmonary vasodilator treatment.
Jankowska et al., 2007 (4)	M	6	12	Craniopharyngioma	No	LT	NASH recurred in 6 months.
Jonas et al., 2005 (11)	M	16	16	Non-neoplastic hypothalamic tumor	No	rHGH	LT was performed 7 months after presentation and rHGH treatment. However, NASH recurred 2 months post-LT.

HPS, hepatopulmonary syndrome; rHGH, recombinant human growth hormone; LT, liver transplantation; NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; ND, no data; F, female; M, male.