| Assistive devices |
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Cost to possess these devices consist of product price, fitting cost, running and maintenance costs (batteries, spare parts), and additional accommodation and transport should the buyer live far from the assistive device provider.
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A wide range of products are used depending on type and severity of disability. Many rely on multiple assistive products and/or use both conventional and non-conventional, such as smartphone apps for text and voice recognition.
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Many assistive devices (including hearing aids, braille displays, video magnifiers, magnifier software, screen readers, scanners) must be imported and therefore are subject to additional tax and customs related charges.
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National Health Insurance (JKN) covers only 7 conventional assistive devices and quality is variable.
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| Human assistance |
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People with several forms of disability require continuous human assistance, like people with hearing difficulties would need sign language support, people with self-care difficulties need assistant/caretaker.
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Very costly (direct provision) and/or opportunity cost (if family member must leave work to provide care).
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| Transportation |
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Many people with disability cannot use public transport because infrastructure is not disability-friendly.
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The commonly used forms are costly, namely modified private vehicles and semi-private vehicles (taxis or online taxis).
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| Health |
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Major expense as many persons with disability are without JKN or private insurance.
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JKN covers several types of health treatments (physiotherapy & decubitus medication) but not other recurring preventative treatments.
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Rehabilitation treatment for persons with psychosocial and self-care disability is not covered by JKN.
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| School |
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Only special schools provide inclusive educational environment, learning process, curriculum etc.
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Some non-specialist schools run an inclusive education system. But parents must usually pay out of their own pocket for special support such as a shadow teacher, sign language interpreter or a specialist teacher.
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| Work |
Some offices, such as government agencies, can fund sign language interpreters and make the workplace more accessible. But this is still rare. |
