Table 1.
Distribution of selected covariates by leave duration and by any paid leave for PRAMS New York 2016–2019 (n = 3,515)a
| Total n (weighted %) |
Leave Duration n (weighted %) |
Any Paid Leave n (weighted %) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 12 weeks | ≥ 12 weeks | p-value | No | Yes | p-value | ||
| Time since birth (weeks)b | 17.1 ± 3.2 | 17.4 (3.0) | 17.0 (3.3) | 0.04 | 17.0 (3.1) | 17.2 (3.2) | 0.55 |
| Maternal age (years) | |||||||
| 18–24 | 383 (13.2) | 226 (63.3) | 157 (36.7) | < 0.001 | 186 (47.7) | 197 (52.3) | < 0.001 |
| 25–29 | 762 (24.2) | 310 (46.5) | 452 (53.5) | 256 (32.1) | 506 (67.9) | ||
| 30–34 | 1262 (34.4) | 383 (33.9) | 879 (66.1) | 364 (30.3) | 898 (69.7) | ||
| 35–39 | 900 (23.6) | 240 (27.4) | 660 (72.6) | 273 (30.7) | 627 (69.3) | ||
| 40+ | 208 (4.5) | 62 (34.0) | 146 (66.0) | 65 (34.5) | 143 (65.6) | ||
| Marital status | |||||||
| Married | 2404 (66.5) | 753 (34.6) | 1651 (65.4) | < 0.001 | 736 (31.6) | 1668 (68.4) | 0.02 |
| Other | 1111 (33.6) | 468 (48.7) | 643 (51.3) | 408 (36.7) | 703 (63.3) | ||
| Maternal race/ethnicityc | |||||||
| Asian/PI | 368 (8.5) | 118 (33.4) | 250 (66.6) | 0.002 | 119 (31.1) | 249 (69.0) | 0.28 |
| Black | 617 (13.4) | 175 (31.4) | 442 (68.6) | 195 (31.8) | 422 (68.3) | ||
| White | 1845 (58.8) | 689 (42.4) | 1156 (57.6) | 577 (32.7) | 1268 (67.3) | ||
| Other | 119 (3.1) | 45 (41.1) | 74 (58.9) | 34 (30.9) | 85 (69.1) | ||
| Hispanic | 560 (16.3) | 194 (37.9) | 366 (62.1) | 216 (38.0) | 344 (62.0) | ||
| Survey language | |||||||
| English | 3307 (94.3) | 1140 (39.2) | 2167 (60.8) | 0.77 | 1040 (32.3) | 2267 (67.7) | < 0.001 |
| Other | 208 (5.7) | 81 (40.6) | 127 (59.5) | 104 (50.0) | 104 (50.0) | ||
| Number of previous live births | |||||||
| 0 | 1703 (44.2) | 520 (35.8) | 1183 (64.2) | < 0.001 | 502 (30.2) | 1201 (69.8) | 0.001 |
| 1 | 1165 (36.2) | 407 (38.9) | 758 (61.1) | 371 (32.7) | 794 (67.4) | ||
| 2 | 373 (11.7) | 152 (41.9) | 221 (58.1) | 156 (42.8) | 217 (57.2) | ||
| 3+ | 261 (7.9) | 137 (55.6) | 124 (44.4) | 110 (38.3) | 151 (61.6) | ||
| Maternal education (years) | |||||||
| 0–11 | 155 (5.3) | 81 (52.9) | 74 (47.1) | < 0.001 | 85 (51.9) | 70 (48.2) | < 0.001 |
| 12 | 509 (16.1) | 262 (57.2) | 247 (42.8) | 213 (42.8) | 296 (57.2) | ||
| 13–15 | 854 (24.7) | 353 (48.1) | 501 (51.9) | 322 (37.4) | 532 (62.6) | ||
| 16+ | 1988 (54.0) | 523 (28.6) | 1465 (71.4) | 518 (26.7) | 1470 (73.3) | ||
| Annual household income ($) | |||||||
| ≤ 20,000 | 486 (15.5) | 240 (56.9) | 246 (43.2) | < 0.001 | 276 (53.8) | 210 (46.3) | < 0.001 |
| 20,001–40,000 | 602 (18.4) | 272 (50.3) | 330 (49.7) | 233 (40.8) | 369 (59.2) | ||
| 40,001–60,000 | 413 (13.3) | 167 (45.3) | 246 (54.7) | 137 (31.2) | 276 (68.8) | ||
| 60,001–85,000 | 344 (10.1) | 123 (41.4) | 221 (58.6) | 104 (30.5) | 240 (69.5) | ||
| > 85,001 | 1520 (42.8) | 344 (24.8) | 1176 (75.2) | 339 (23.8) | 1181 (76.2) | ||
| Received WIC during pregnancy | |||||||
| Yes | 1010 (29.8) | 475 (53.6) | 535 (46.4) | < 0.001 | 450 (43.7) | 560 (56.3) | < 0.001 |
| No | 2472 (70.2) | 736 (33.2) | 1736 (66.8) | 682 (28.8) | 1790 (71.2) | ||
| Insurance | |||||||
| Private | 2529 (72.5) | 755 (33.9) | 1774 (66.1) | < 0.001 | 660 (27.2) | 1869 (72.8) | < 0.001 |
| Public | 800 (23.4) | 395 (56.1) | 405 (43.9) | 393 (48.1) | 407 (51.9) | ||
| Otherd | 152 (4.1) | 59 (42.6) | 93 (57.5) | 81 (57.9) | 71 (42.1) | ||
| Preterm birth | |||||||
| Yes | 2845 (94.0) | 1018 (39.7) | 1827 (60.3) | 0.12 | 911 (33.1) | 1934 (67.0) | 0.54 |
| No | 664 (6.0) | 202 (34.6) | 462 (65.4) | 229 (34.9) | 435 (65.1) | ||
| Depression historye | |||||||
| Yes | 456 (13.8) | 167 (43.5) | 289 (56.5) | 0.14 | 169 (34.9) | 287 (65.2) | 0.53 |
| No | 2941 (86.2) | 1013 (38.6) | 1928 (61.4) | 931 (32.8) | 2010 (67.2) | ||
| Location | |||||||
| New York City | 2018 (42.6) | 616 (33.1) | 1402 (66.9) | < 0.001 | 616 (32.0) | 1402 (68.0) | 0.21 |
| New York State | 1497 (57.4) | 605 (43.9) | 892 (56.1) | 528 (34.3) | 969 (65.7) | ||
| Timing of interviewf | |||||||
| Before PFL (2016-17) | 1876 (55.6) | 712 (42.5) | 1164 (57.5) | < 0.001 | 691 (37.5) | 1185 (62.6) | < 0.001 |
| After PFL (2018-19) | 1639 (44.4) | 509 (35.3) | 1130 (64.7) | 453 (28.2) | 1186 (71.9) | ||
| Mean leave duration (weeks)b | 11.8 ± 0.1 | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||
| Postpartum depressive symptomsg | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||
| Yes | 408 (10.6) | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||
| No | 3107 (89.4) | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||
| Leave duration | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||
| < 12 weeks | 1221 (39.3) | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||
| ≥ 12 weeks | 2294 (60.7) | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||
| Payment status | -- | -- | -- | -- | |||
| Unpaid | 1144 (33.3) | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||
| Partially paid | 508 (14.1) | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||
| Fully paid | 1862 (52.6) | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||
a Sample sizes are smaller for some covariates due to missing data, and all Ns are unweighted
b Mean ± Standard Deviation
c Asian/PI, Black, and White are non-Hispanic; Other includes non-Hispanic Other and those whose ethnicity (Hispanic vs. non-Hispanic) was unknown
d Other includes those who were uninsured
e Categorized as “Yes” if experienced depression in 3 months before pregnancy and/or during pregnancy
f Paid Family Leave (PFL) legislation was first implemented on January 1, 2018
g “Yes” includes those who answered “Always” or “Often” to at least 1 of the 2 depression screening questions