Table 2.
Associations Between Television Viewing Trajectories and Incidence of Premature Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Events in the CARDIA Study
| Number of events among 4318 participants | Model 1 (adjusted for age)a | Model 2 (fully adjusted)b | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | ||
| Coronary heart disease (CHD)—fatal or nonfatal (myocardial infarction, non-myocardial infarction acute coronary syndrome) | |||||||
| Estimated television viewing at age 23 (hours per day) | 81 | 1.31 | 1.17, 1.46 | <0.001 | 1.26 | 1.06, 1.49 | 0.01 |
| Annual increase in television viewing (hours per day) | 1.58 | 1.12, 2.23 | 0.01 | 1.55 | 1.06, 2.25 | 0.02 | |
| Heart failure—fatal or nonfatal (congestive heart failure, other non-atherosclerotic cardiac disease) | |||||||
| Estimated television viewing at age 23 (hours per day) | 50 | 1.6 | 1.44, 1.76 | <0.001 | 1.24 | 1.01, 1.54 | 0.04 |
| Annual increase in television viewing (hours per day) | 1.35 | 0.91, 2.01 | 0.14 | 1.52 | 1.02, 2.27 | 0.04 | |
| Stroke—fatal or nonfatal (stroke, not including transient ischemic attacks) | |||||||
| Estimated television viewing at age 23 (hours per day) | 56 | 1.46 | 1.28, 1.67 | <0.001 | 1.15 | 0.89, 1.48 | 0.28 |
| Annual increase in television viewing (hours per day) | 1.64 | 1.02, 2.65 | 0.04 | 1.58 | 1.02, 2.46 | 0.04 | |
| CVD—fatal or nonfatal (myocardial infarction, non-myocardial infarction acute coronary syndrome, congestive heart failure, stroke, carotid artery disease, peripheral artery disease, other atherosclerotic disease other than coronary or stroke) | |||||||
| Estimated television viewing at age 23 (hours per day) | 171c | 1.42 | 1.32, 1.53 | <0.001 | 1.16 | 1.03, 1.32 | 0.02 |
| Annual increase in television viewing (hours per day) | 1.35 | 1.06, 1.72 | 0.01 | 1.32 | 1.03, 1.69 | 0.03 | |
Boldface indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05)
aModel 1 includes estimated television viewing level at age 23, annual increase in television viewing, age. Separate models are presented for each outcome (CHD, heart failure, stroke, CVD)
bModel 2 includes estimated television viewing level at age 23, annual increase in television viewing, age, race, sex, education, family history of CVD, smoking status, alcohol, body mass index, and physical activity. Smoking, alcohol, body mass index, and physical activity were time-varying. Separate models are presented for each outcome (CHD, heart failure, stroke, CVD)
cNumber of CVD events is smaller than the total of CHD, heart failure, and stroke as some individual participants had multiple types of CVD events