Fig. 2.

Jolkinolide B improves lipid-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Hep3B and primary hepatocytes treat with PA (200 μM) and JB (10 μM). (A) mtROS was detected by Mitosox staining. The images were shown at 20× magnifications for each experimental condition (scale bar=100 μm). (B) Mitosox quantification was performed using the Image J software. (C) Expression of Mitosox red fluorescence for mtROS in Hep3B cells was measured with a microplate reader. (D) Relative mtDNA/nDNA ratio from primary hepatocytes and Hep3B cells under treated with PA (200 μM) and JB (10 μM) for 24 h. A comparison of ND1 and 16S rRNA DNA expression relative to HK DNA expression will give a measure of mtDNA copy number to nDNA copy number ratio. (E) The mRNA expression of PGC-1a in primary hepatocytes under PA (200 μM) and JB (10 μM) treatment for 24 h. Relative mRNA expression levels were normalized to GAPDH levels. The data are expressed as means ± sem. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, and ****p<0.0001.