Order number	Author, year	Age (year)	Gender	Sings and symptoms	Pubertal development status	Imaging examination	Laboratory examination	Treatment	Treatment effect
1	Farley, 1998 15	12	Male	Fear of cold, mild anemia, pale and dry skin, visible carrot color	Height: 120.4 cm, Bone age delay, Prepubertal state	CT: the pituitary gland was enlarged and extended to the saddle Other: Perimetry suggested a superior visual field defect	FT4↓, TSH↑, TGAb+, TMAb+, PRL↑, GH↓, FSH↓	Oral levothyroxine	After 6 weeks, the pituitary size returned to normal;FT4 returned to normal, TSH was close to normal; upper visual field defect improved and clinical symptoms were significantly relieved
2	Bhansali, 2004 5	13	Female	Weight gain, drowsiness, constipation, fear of cold, rough and dry skin	Height: 140 cm (the average height of parents is 158 cm), Bone age delay of 2 years, Adolescent, The pubertal state is B2A1P2 (stage TannerII)	Imaging showed: sellar mass, size of (6 × 17 × 9 mm), considered for non‐function pituitary tumor	FT4↓, TSH↑, TMAb+	Oral levothyroxine	After 6 months, the pituitary size returned to normal; FT4 and TSH returned to normal
3	Bhansali, 2004 5	13	Male	Weight gain, drowsiness, fatigue, snoring, constipation, hoarseness	Height: 145 cm (the average height of parents is 168 cm), Bone age is normal, The pubertal status is A1P2 The bilateral testicular volume is 4 mL	MRI: significant pituitary enlargement, Size is (14.1 × 18.5 × 10.1 mm), extending to the saddle	FT4↓, TSH↑, TMAb+, FSH↓, LH↓, COR (8 AM)↓	Oral levothyroxine	After 6 months, the pituitary size returned to normal; FT4 and TSH returned to normal
4	Ashley, 2005 21	12	Female	Headache, fatigue	Height ominous, No secondary sexual characteristics	MRI: (1) showing uniform enhancement of the saddle mass, extending to the saddle, pressing the optic cross, and showing a pointed upper edge (2) There was no expansion or erosion of the butterfly saddle (3) Did not see saddle side involvement	FT4↓, TSH↑, PRL↑	Oral levothyroxine	After 1 month, the pituitary size returned to normal; clinical symptoms resolved
5	Jia, 2007 9	16	Female	Weight gain, dizziness, slow mobility, hypomnesis, sluggish responses, constipation, rough skin	Height: 155 cm; Menstruation regularity, menstrual period is extended for a few days than before; No pubic hair, axillary hair	MRI: the butterfly saddle was small, the pituitary volume increased but symmetrical, the height was about 14 mm, and the pituitary stalk was centered Others: B‐ultrasound suggests a small amount of pericardial effusion	FT4↓, TSH↑, TGAb+, TMAb+, TRAb‐, TSI−, PRL↑, TC↑, TG↑, LDL‐C↑	Oral levothyroxine	After 3 months, the pituitary size returned to normal; FT4, TSH and PRL returned to normal; and the clinical symptoms were significantly relieved
6	Lee, 2008 16	10.3	Female	Bitemporal hemianopsia	Height: 121 cm, Bone age was 7 years and 10 months, Bilateral breast enlargement (15 cm × 15 cm, stage Tanner II), pubic hair (stage Tanner I), and no precocious puberty appeared in the external genitals, The sign of the uterus was (2.62 × 0.96) cm	MRI revealed a mass in the (3.8 × 9.6 × 12.1 mm)	FT4↓, TSH↑, TPOAb−, TGAb−	Oral levothyroxine	After 2 months, FT4 and TSH returned to normal;The growth rate was increased to 0.8 cm/month, Bilateral breast enlargement (25 cm × 25 cm, Tanner II), pubic hair (Tanner I); After 6 months, the pituitary size was normalized and the growth rate was normalized
7	Simsek, 2009 7	14.5	Male	Pale and swollen face, mild headaches, fatigue, fear of cold, chronic constipation	Short stature (height: 135 cm), Adolescence was delayed, No secondary sexual signs appeared	MRI: the pituitary mass was large and homogeneous, and pituitary adenoma was considered	FT4↓, TSH↑, PRL, GH, FSH, and LH deficiency	Oral levothyroxine	After 6 months, pituitary enlargement disappeared; After 3 years, clinical symptoms disappeared; FT4, TSH and PRL normalized
8	Simsek, 2009 7	13	Female	Excessive menstruation, fear of cold, fatigue	Short stature (height: 146 cm), Breast (Tanner IV phase), Pubis (Tanner III phase)	MRI: enlarged pituitary enlargement (11 mm) to the saddle on the extension	FT4↓, TSH↑, TPOAb+, PRL↑, GH↓	Oral levothyroxine	After 3 years, pituitary enlargement disappeared; menstruation to normal, clinical symptoms disappeared; FT4, TSH and PRL returned to normal
9	Babu, 2010 19	15	Female	Headaches, weight gain, blurred vision, dry and rough skin, mild hirsutism	Height ominous, Menstrual disorder	MRI:a mass in the sellar region, extending to the saddle, with uniform enhancement, suggesting a pituitary large adenoma Others: Visual field tests suggest a mildly reversible anterior visual access pathway oppress	FT4↓, TSH↑, TPOAb+, PRL↑	Oral levothyroxine	After 3 weeks, the PRL returned to normal; After 3 months, the pituitary size returned to normal; FT4 and TSH returned to normal and clinical symptoms were significantly relieved; the visual field and eye movements were normal
10	Wang, 2010 17	13	Female	growth retardation, fear of cold	Height: 129 cm; Prepubertal state	MRI: saddle area occupancy, T 1 WI and Other signals, T 2 WI slightly higher signal, pituitary uniform strengthening	FT4↓, TSH↑, TGAb+, PRL↑, FSH↓	Oral levothyroxine	After 6 months, the pituitary size returned to normal; FT4, TSH and PRL normalized; height increased by 5 cm
11	Cekmez, 2011 10	12	Female	growth retardation, dry hair	Height: 129.4 cm; Bone age delay of 4 years; Prepubertal state	MRI: an anterior pituitary mass of size (16 × 12 mm) with the lesion slightly extending to the right supraselllar pool	FT4↓, TSH↑, TPOAb‐, PRL, GH, LH and FSH were lower	Oral levothyroxine	After 3 months, the pituitary mass was significantly reduced;FT4 and TSH returned to normal
12	Shen, 2013 22	12	Male	fatigue, anorexia, asthma after activity, yellow skin, intermittent eyelid edema	Height ominous	MRI shows: pituitary abnormal strengthening nodule, size is (1.7 × 1.6 × 1.6 cm) Other: CT suggested pericardial effusion and bilateral pleural effusion	FT4↓, TSH↑, TPOAb+, TGAb+, PRL↑	Oral levothyroxine	After 2 months, the pituitary mass shrank significantly, FT4 and TSH returned to normal, and the clinical symptoms disappeared; After 3 months, the size and shape of the pituitary gland returned to normal; One year later, the height increased by 8 cm higher than before
13	Cebeci, 2013 11	12	Male	Headache, blurred vision, bloating, fatigue, Hoffman syndrome, pale face, dry skin, bilateral pseudoenlarged shoulder and calf muscles, proximal muscle weakness	Height: 140 cm, Bone age delay of 2 years, Pubertal status (stage Tanner III)	MRI: the pituitary gland was enlarged, 12 mm, extending to the suprasellar pool, and had no obvious compression It is even enhanced Other: ophthalmological examination suggested bilateral optic papilledema	FT4↓, TSH↑, anti‐thyroid antibody+	Oral levothyroxine and acetazolamide	After 3 months, the clinical symptoms had disappeared; After 6 months, the pituitary size (5 mm) was normalized, the growth rate was 6 cm/year, and the CPK levels were decreased
14	Sterkenburg, 2014 14	13	Female	Headache, fatigue	Short stature (Height ominous)	MRI: a homogeneous mass in the selellar pituitary, enlarging upward and almost reaching the optic chiasm	FT4↓, TSH↑, TPOAb+, LH and FSH were at the prepubertal level	Oral levothyroxine	After 3 months, the pituitary size returned to normal
15	Zhang, 2017 12	14	Male	Gain weight, growth retardation, constipation, muscle weakness, poor academic performance, and VWG syndrome	Height: 139 cm, Bone age delay of 4 years, Pseudoprecocious puberty, with a bilateral testicular volume of 25 mL and a stretched penile length of 5 cm, with no pubic hair or armpit hair	MRI: pituitary enlargement, and pituitary hyperplasia was considered Other: B‐ultrasound suggested hepatomegaly	FT4↓, TSH↑, TPOAb+, TGAb+, PRL↑, LH↓, T↓, TC↑, AST↑, ALT↑, HGB↓	Oral levothyroxine	After 6 months, the pituitary mass was significantly reduced;FT4 and TSH returned to normal; height increased by 5 cm
16	Bhattacharya, 2020 6	11	Female	Drowsiness, poor learning, fear of cold, weight gain, full moon face, hoarseness	Height: 128 cm, Menstrual rule	MRI: a sellar mass, the size of (1.58 × 1.43 × 3.11 cm), a small area of necrosis, and contrast enhancement	T4↓, TSH↑, TPOAb+, PRL↑	Oral levothyroxine	After 2 months, T4 was normal; After 6 months, the pituitary size returned to normal; TSH and PRL returned to normal
17	Yu, 2020 13	15	Male	Obesity, poor appetite, hypomnesis, insomnia	Short stature (height: 148 cm), The penis does not grow (the stretched penis is 25 cm in length), No pubic hair in the external genital organs (stage Tanner I), The left testicular volume is 10 mL and right testicular volume is 9 mL	MRI: pituitary fossa mass, T1 signal in sella, T2 signal is slightly longer, uneven and slightly strengthened; the pituitary stalk is not clear and the optic cross moves up	FT4↓, TSH↑, TPOAb+, TGAb+, FSH↓, LH↓, T↓, IGF−1↓, PRL↑	Oral levothyroxine	After 6 months, the clinical symptoms were significantly relieved, the pituitary gland was significantly decreased, and the levels of FT4, TSH, FSH, LH, T, and IGF‐1 returned to normal; After 16 months, the height increased to 161 cm, and the penis grew (the extended penis was 7 cm long), Pubic hair begins to grow on the external genitalia (Tanner IV Phase 1);The volume of the bilateral testis was 15 mL
18	Barbero, 2022 8	13	Female	Hypermenorrhea, xerosis cutis, acanthosis nigricans, thin hair	Height: 133.8 cm (average height of parents: 155 cm), Bone age was 96 years old, Menarche, 17 years ago	MRI: the gland in contact with the optic cross was enlarged with a height of 16 mm Other: B ultrasound indicates that the size of the right ovarian cyst is (40 × 28 mm)	FT4↓, TSH↑, TPOAb+, TGAb+, GH↓, HGB↓, APTT↑, FIB↓, vWF ↓	Oral levothyroxine	After 1 month, FT4, APTT, FIB, and vWF returned to normal; TSH returned to normal after 7 weeks; The pituitary size was normalized after 3 months
19	Ms, 2022 18	17	Female	Headache, bitemporal hemianopia, fatigue, face swelling, weight gain, dry and rough skin, hoarseness, alopecia, mucinous oedema	Height ominous, Menstrual disorder	MRI: a diffuse enhancing lesion in the sellar region extending into the optic chiasm	FT4↓, TSH↑, TPOAb +, PRL, Morning COR↓	Oral levothyroxine and hydrocortisone	After 7 months, the pituitary mass was significantly reduced; regular menstruation, normal vision, and clinical symptoms were significantly relieved
20	Wang, 2022 20	17	Female	Headache, anemia, pale face, swollen face	Height ominous, menstrual unknown	MRI: the soft tissue mass was seen in the saddle, the size of (0.8 × 1.8 × 1.4 cm) was significantly strengthened, the upward growth of the saddle diaphragm, the pituitary stalk was shortened and centered, no obvious subsidence at the bottom of the saddle, and the mass compressed the optic cross	FT4↓, TSH↑, TPOAb+, TGAb+, PRL↑	Oral levothyroxine	After 9 months, FT4 returned to normal and TSH decreased significantly; clinical symptoms resolved significantly After 2 years, the pituitary size returned to normal

Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; AST, aspartate transaminase; COR, cortisol; FIB, fibrinogen; FSH, follicle stimulating hormone; FT4, free thyroxine; GH, growth hormone; HGB, hemoglobin; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LH, luteinizing hormone, PRL, prolactin; T, testosterone; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; TGAb, thyroglobulin antibody; TMAb, thyroid microsomal antibodies; TPOAb, thyroid peroxide antibody; TRAb, thyrotropin receptor antibody; TSH, thyroid‐stimulating hormone; TSI, thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin; VWF, von Willebrand factor.