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. 2024 Nov 4;14:26570. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-77438-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Differences in species composition of woody plant species determined using a non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and permutation test. Elevation, topographic factors (slope aspect, slope inclination and laplacian) and canopy openness were incorporated as explanate variables. Solid and dotted arrows indicate that the variables statistically significantly (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 respectively) relate to community dissimilarity. Slope aspect (cos), cosine transformed slope aspect; Openness, plot scale canopy openness.