Table 4. Association between type of associated impairments and clinical characteristics in children with CP (multivariate logistic regression model).
| Epilepsy (n=82)OR (95% CI) | Intellectual (n=439)OR (95% CI) | Visual (n=41)OR (95% CI) | Hearing (n=13)OR (95% CI) | Speech (n=450)OR (95% CI) | |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Female | 0.74 (0.33 to 1.66) | 1.27 (0.78 to 2.07) | 0.95 (0.30 to 2.96) | 2.75 (0.53 to 14.3) | 1.03 (0.63 to 1.68) |
| Type and topography of CP | |||||
| Spastic | |||||
| Mono/hemi | 0.18 (0.02 to 1.58) | 0.99 (0.26 to 3.80) | 0.98 (0.30 to 3.21) | 0.45 (0.07 to 3.13) | 0.22 (0.05 to 0.92)* |
| Diplegia | – | 0.09 (0.01 to 0.66)* | 2.24 (0.20 to 25.6) | – | 0.09 (0.02 to 0.57)* |
| Quadriplegia | 0.41 (0.05 to 3.00) | 3.10 (0.84 to 11.5) | – | – | 0.94 (0.24 to 3.71) |
| Ataxic | – | – | – | – | – |
| Dyskinetic | – | – | – | – | – |
| GMFCS level | |||||
| I–III | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| VI–V | 2.75 (1.25 to 6.06)* | 1.43 (0.92 to 2.22) | 1.37 (0.49 to 3.78) | 0.29 (0.05 to 1.74) | 1.10 (0.70 to 1.73) |
| Weight-for-age z score (n=737) | |||||
| Normal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Moderate underweight | 0.80 (0.28 to 2.31) | 1.39 (0.73 to 2.64) | 1.11 (0.31 to 4.00) | 4.49 (0.50 to 40.3) | 1.12 (0.59 to 2.11) |
| Severe underweight | 2.27 (0.55 to 9.34) | 1.59 (0.60 to 4.24) | 0.21 (0.01 to 3.30) | – | 2.35 (0.84 to 6.56) |
| Height-for-age z score (n=716) | |||||
| Normal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Stunted | 0.91 (0.33 to 2.52) | 1.66 (0.91 to 3.06) | 2.23 (0.66 to 7.47) | 0.63 (0.05 to 8.10) | 1.16 (0.63 to 2.15) |
| Moderate | 0.54 (0.16 to 1.82) | 1.72 (0.80 to 3.71) | 1.73 (0.36 to 8.29) | 2.34 (0.20 to 28.0) | 0.83 (0.39 to 1.77) |
| Severe | 2.09 (0.62 to 7.00) | 1.27 (0.56 to 2.91) | 0.83 (0.09 to 7.98) | – | 0.93 (0.39 to 2.20) |
| Weight-for-height z score (n=579) | |||||
| Normal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Wasted | 0.89 (0.29 to 2.71) | 1.70 (0.81 to 3.56) | 2.57 (0.77 to 8.60) | 1.30 (0.08 to 22.1) | 1.64 (0.77 to 3.52) |
| Moderate | 0.58 (0.17 to 1.98) | 0.78 (0.35 to 1.76) | – | 0.61 (0.02 to 19.9) | 1.17 (0.51 to 2.70) |
| Severe | 1.69 (0.49 to 5.90) | 1.20 (0.48 to 3.02) | 2.17 (0.39 to 12.0) | – | 1.51 (0.61 to 3.73) |
| Head circumference | |||||
| Normocephalic | 5.81 (0.56 to 60.2) | 1.40 (0.42 to 4.46) | 0.64 (0.21 to 1.94) | 0.14 (0.01 to 2.00) | 1.68 (0.50 to 5.61) |
| Microcephalic | 2.82 (0.27 to 29.7) | 1.61 (0.47 to 5.50) | – | 0.12 (0.01 to 1.87) | 1.62 (0.47 to 5.54) |
| Macrocephalic | – | – | – | – | |
| Maternal febrile illness during pregnancy | 0.90 (0.35 to 2.30) | 1.35 (0.73 to 2.49) | – | 0.78 (0.06 to 9.44) | 0.52 (0.29 to 0.95) |
| Mode of delivery | |||||
| Vaginal birth | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Caesarean section | 1.01 (0.51 to 6.29) | 1.03 (0.67 to 1.59) | 2.08 (0.80 to 5.40) | 2.50 (0.55 to 11.3) | 0.75 (0.48 to 1.16) |
| Instrumental delivery | 2.22 (0.21 to 23.04) | 1.21 (0.18 to 7.94) | – | – | – |
| Gestational age | |||||
| Term (≥37–41 weeks) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Preterm (≤36 weeks) | 2.28 (0.82 to 6.29) | 0.82 (0.43 to 1.57) | 0.30 (0.07 to 1.34) | 2.33 (0.18 to 30.9) | 0.78 (0.39 to 1.52) |
| Post-term (>41 weeks) | 1.22 (0.09 to 16.5) | 0.49 (0.09 to 2.62) | – | – | 0.08 (0.01 to 0.80)* |
| Low birth weight (<2500 gram) | 0.51 (0.17 to 1.51) | 0.55 (0.29 to 1.04) | 3.96 (0.98 to 16.0) | 0.13 (0.00 to 3.49) | 0.64 (0.33 to 1.25) |
| Timing of injury causing CP | |||||
| Pre/perinatal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Postneonatal | 9.08 (3.63 to 22.7)*** | 1.78 (0.85 to 3.69) | 3.84 (1.07 to 8.78)* | 2.96 (0.41 to 21.0) | 0.93 (0.46 to 1.89) |
| Unknown | 1.14 (0.45 to 2.87) | 0.79 (0.47 to 1.32) | 1.10 (0.31 to 3.97) | 0.70 (0.08 to 5.84) | 0.83 (0.49 to 1.41) |
| Perinatal asphyxia | 1.65 (0.80 to 3.40) | 1.11 (0.70 to 1.76) | 3.06 (1.07 to 8.78)* | 1.65 (0.32 to 8.56) | 1.77 (1.10 to 2.83)* |
| Neonatal jaundice | 0.29 (0.07 to 1.24) | 0.80 (0.40 to 1.61) | 1.46 (0.26 to 8.09) | 1.24 (0.12 to 13.2) | 0.84 (0.40 to 1.75) |
| Maternal infection | 0.89 (0.29 to 2.70) | 1.45 (0.68 to 3.12) | 0.18 (0.02 to 1.61) | 3.28 (0.52 to 20.7) | 2.28 (1.02 to 5.08)* |
| Consanguinity | 3.30 (0.33 to 43.5) | 2.87 (0.19 to 43.4) | – | – | 0.34 (0.05 to 2.39) |
| Multiple births | 1.05 (0.27 to 4.17) | 0.55 (0.24 to 1.27) | 1.06 (0.19 to 5.91) | – | 0.90 (0.39 to 2.09) |
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. MACS classification and neuroimaging patterns were not included because of a small number of available data. – indicates that calculation of OR and 95% CI is non-applicable, since both groups are omitted or empty).
Analysis only for children under 61 months.
CPcerebral palsyGMFCSGross Motor Function Classification System