Figure 2.

Neutral thyrotropin receptor antibodies (N-TSHR-mAbs) induced fibroblast cell stress as seen in thyroid cells. In fibroblasts, N-TSHR-mAbs activated both A, mitochondrial (HSP60) and B, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (HSP70) in a dose-dependent manner, while C, the antibody suppressed the antioxidant protein catalase. D, These findings were also confirmed by Western blots. E, Proteomic array data also revealed ER and mitochondrial stresses. F, Similarly, N-TSHR-mAbs also induced stress-related signaling molecules.