Table 1.

Study outcomes and covariates for phase 2, proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial.

Outcome variable				Data source		Collection timepoint
						Baseline		36-38 weeks gestation		Delivery		6-weeks post partum
Maternal outcomes
	Fasting and 2-hour blood glucose		Medical record		✓						✓
	Gestational weight gain		Medical record						✓
	Glucose readings during gestation		GDM-DHa app and medical record (intervention group); medical record (standard care group)						✓
	Initiation of insulin therapy		Medical record						✓
	Induction of labor		Medical record						✓
	Cesarean delivery		Medical record						✓
Neonatal outcomes
	Birth weight		Medical record						✓
	Apgar score		Medical record						✓
	NICUb admission		Medical record						✓
	Neonatal hypoglycemia		Medical record						✓
Usability and acceptability outcomes
	Oxford Maternity Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire [56]		Survey (self-report)				✓
Variables measured in the intervention group only
	App usage		GDM-DH app
		Time spent on the app									✓
	Self-monitoring compliance (observed vs expected number of entries)		GDM-DH app
		Carbohydrate intake									✓
		Blood glucose entries
		Blood pressure entries
		Weight entries
	mHealthc App Usability Questionnaire [57]		Survey (self-report)				✓
	System Usability Scale [54]		Survey (self-report)				✓
Covariates
	Sociodemographics		Survey (self-report)		✓
	Prepregnancy weight		Survey (self-report)		✓

^aGDM-DH: gestational diabetes mellitus-Dhulikhel Hospital.

^bNICU: neonatal intensive care unit.

^cmHealth: mobile health.