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. 2024 Oct 23;13(10):2549–2560. doi: 10.21037/tlcr-24-336

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Indirect effect of each mediator on sex differences in perioperative outcomes. (A) Incidence of complications, (B) postoperative hospital stays, (C) hospitalization cost. The data presented direct effects of sex and indirect effects of each variable on outcomes, followed by the corresponding bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrap interval. The effects were calculated through causal mediation analysis using structure equation models. VATS, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DLCO%, predicted percentage of diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide; FEV1%, predicted percentage of forced expiratory volume in 1 second; LOS, length of stays.