Figure 4.
The synergistic effects of nanomaterials on neuroprotection, neurogenesis and reduction of neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke models
(A) Water molecules interact with various atoms of the fullerene adduct C60-Arg, with the oxygen atoms distributed around the carbon atoms of the unmodified fullerene core and those bonded to the L-Arg residues. Reproduced with permission from ref.35 Copyright 2023 Nanomedicine-Nanotechnology Biology and Medicine.
(B) The results of TTC staining.
(C) The percentage of cerebral infarct area following ischemia/reperfusion. Date were represented as mean ± SD (n = 6/7/8). ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001. Reproduced with permission from ref.36 Copyright 2024 European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.
(D) Immunofluorescence double labeling showed that more functional neurons were generated in the peri-infarct area in the BDNF-hNSC-Exo and hNSC-Exo groups than in the PBS group. BrdU (red) colocalized with Tuj1 (green). Cell nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue).
(E) Double immunofluorescence staining showed that the proportion of BrdU/GFAP double-positive cells in the peri-infarct area was lower in the BDNF-hNSC-Exo group than in the hNSC-Exo group and the PBS group on day 28 after treatment. BrdU (red) colocalized with GFAP (green). Cell nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue).
(F) Immunofluorescence showed that BDNF-hNSC-Exo significantly reduced the expression of Iba1 (red), indicating reduced neuroinflammation. Nuclei were stained by DAPI (blue). Scale bar: 20 μm n = 5 rats/group. Reproduced with permission from ref.32 Copyright 2023 Neural Regeneration Research.