Table 1.
Differences between healthy controls, treatment responsive schizophrenia, and treatment resistant schizophrenia
| Groups | Tests | Post-hoc Tukey tests (p value) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls (N) | Schizophrenia treatment response (N) | Schizophrenia treatment resistance (N) | Anova F or χ2 (for 3 groups) T or χ2 (for 2 groups) | FDR p value | Treatment response v. Controls | Treatment resistance v. Controls | Treatment response v. resistance | |
| Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||||||
| Age – years | 24 ± 4 (236) | 27.5 ± 5.5 (94) | 29 ± 6 (186) | 13.44 | 4 × 10−6 | 0.04 | 1 × 10−6 | 0.25 |
| Sex – F/M | 103 / 133 | 20 / 74 | 61 / 125 | 15.7 | 6 × 10−4 | 2 × 10−4 | 0.03 | 0.06 |
| Education – years of study | 14 ± 2 (200) | 12 ± 2 (92) | 11.5 ± 2 (182) | 32.3 | 3 × 10−10 | 3 × 10−4 | < 1 × 10−10 | 0.03 |
| Familial history | ||||||||
| Familial history of psychosis – % | – | 31 (94) | 39 (186) | 2.03 | 0.18 | – | – | – |
| Familial history of mood disorder – % | – | 36 (94) | 42 (186) | 0.06 | 0.84 | – | – | – |
| Developmental history | ||||||||
| Obstetric complications – % | 8 (213) | 22 (74) | 25 (149) | 33.7 | 1 × 10−7 | 3 × 10−5 | 5 × 10−8 | 0.80 |
| Birth height – cm | 50 ± 2 (88) | 50 ± 1 (28) | 50 ± 1 (54) | 0.15 | 0.86 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 1.00 |
| Birth weight – kg | 3.3 ± 0.3 (104) | 3.3 ± 0.5 (43) | 3.3 ± 0.3 (86) | 0.51 | 0.64 | 0.62 | 0.77 | 0.93 |
| Head circumference – cm | 35 ± 1 (52) | 34 ± 1 (15) | 35 ± 1 (21) | 0.60 | 0.61 | 1.00 | 0.56 | 0.66 |
| Hyperactivity – % | 1 (73) | 13 (78) | 8 (155) | 7.26 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.22 |
| Dyslexia – % | 3 (195) | 17 (87) | 13 (173) | 18.0 | 2 × 10−4 | 7 × 10−5 | 8 × 10−4 | 0.44 |
| Epilepsy – % | 0 (196) | 2 (85) | 5 (172) | 12.0 | 3 × 10−3 | 0.17 | 2 × 10−3 | 0.36 |
| Enuresis – % | 2 (229) | 20 (89) | 18 (178) | 39.5 | 8 × 10−9 | 6 × 10−9 | 1 × 10−8 | 0.73 |
| Encopresis – % | 0 (195) | 6 (88) | 4 (176) | 11.7 | 5 × 10−3 | 1 × 10−3 | 0.01 | 0.51 |
| Psychiatric history | ||||||||
| First subjective symptoms – years | – | 19 ± 3 (83) | 16 ± 4 (168) | −3.90 | 2 × 10−4 | – | – | – |
| First clinical signs – years | – | 19 ± 3 (68) | 17 ± 3 (145) | −2.76 | 9 × 10−3 | – | – | – |
| First treatment – years | – | 22 ± 3 (78) | 20 ± 3 (169) | −2.55 | 0.01 | – | – | – |
| Hospitalization – % | – | 89 (89) | 91 (176) | 2.36 | 0.15 | – | – | – |
| First hospitalization – years | – | 22 ± 3 (78) | 21 ± 4 (166) | −0.76 | 0.52 | – | – | – |
| Clinical features | ||||||||
| Global assessment of functioning | – | 50 ± 10 (42) | 40 ± 10 (113) | −6.20 | 8 × 10−9 | – | – | – |
| BPRS (18 items) | – | 35 ± 10 (61) | 48 ± 9 (152) | 6.68 | 3 × 10−10 | – | – | – |
| PANSS total | – | 60 ± 19 (61) | 89 ± 15 (154) | 8.05 | 6 × 10−13 | – | – | – |
| PANSS positive | – | 13 ± 18 (61) | 18 ± 5 (154) | 4.53 | 2 × 10−5 | – | – | – |
| PANSS negative | – | 17 ± 6 (61) | 26 ± 5 (154) | 7.96 | 6 × 10−13 | – | – | – |
| PANSS disorganization | – | 7 ± 2 (61) | 11 ± 2 (154) | 6.72 | 3 × 10−10 | – | – | – |
| PANSS general psychopathology | – | 32 ± 10 (61) | 45 ± 9 (154) | 7.34 | 3 × 10−11 | – | – | – |
| Extrapyramidal side effects (SAS) | – | 9.0 ± 5 (94) | 9.5 ± 4.5 (186) | 0.85 | 0.39 | |||
| Neurological soft signs | ||||||||
| Total score | 5.5 ± 3 (178) | 7 ± 4 (87) | 15 ± 6 (173) | 99.6 | 3 × 10−10 | 1 × 10−3 | < 1 × 10−10 | < 1 × 10−10 |
| Motor coordination score | 3.4 ± 2 (178) | 5.0 ± 3 (87) | 8.4 ± 4 (173) | 57.3 | 3 × 10−10 | 0.02 | < 1 × 10−10 | 2 × 10−8 |
| Motor integration score | 1.4 ± 1 (178) | 2.5 ± 2 (87) | 5.0 ± 2 (173) | 96.1 | 3 × 10−10 | 3 × 10−3 | < 1 × 10−10 | < 1 × 10−10 |
| Sensory integration score | 1.3 ± 1 (178) | 2.2 ± 1 (87) | 3.7 ± 2 (173) | 54.0 | 3 × 10−10 | 4 × 10−3 | < 1 × 10−10 | 8 × 10−7 |
N, number of subjects. Significant p values are computed after false discovery rate correction (Benjamini/Hochberg). Significant p values specific to the difference between resistance and response are in bold and light red. SAS, Simpson-Angus scale; BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.