Table 2.
Differences between healthy controls, treatment responsive bipolar disorder, and treatment resistant bipolar disorder
| Groups | Tests | Post-hoc Tukey tests | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls (N) | Bipolar disorder treatment response (N) | Bipolar disorder treatment resistance (N) | Anova F or χ2 (for 3 groups) T or χ2 (for 2 groups) | FDR p value | Treatment response v. Controls | Treatment resistance v. Controls | Treatment response v. resistance | |
| Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||||||
| Age – years | 24 ± 4 (236) | 38.5 ± 8.5 (34) | 43 ± 7 (44) | 81.0 | < 1 × 10−10 | < 1 × 10−10 | < 1 × 10−10 | 0.62 |
| Sex – F/M | 103 / 133 | 18 / 16 | 26 / 18 | 4.13 | 0.13 | 0.40 | 0.08 | 0.75 |
| Education – years of study | 14 ± 2 (200) | 12 ± 2 (33) | 12 ± 2 (43) | 0.35 | 0.70 | 0.93 | 0.77 | 0.71 |
| Familial history | ||||||||
| Familial history of psychosis – % | – | 24 (34) | 30 (44) | 0.11 | 0.74 | – | – | – |
| Familial history of mood disorder – % | – | 79 (34) | 80 (44) | 0.00 | 1.00 | – | – | – |
| Developmental history | ||||||||
| Obstetric complications – % | 8 (213) | 12 (31) | 20 (37) | 8.21 | 0.02 | 0.64 | 0.01 | 0.38 |
| Birth height – cm | 50 ± 2 (88) | 50 ± 0 (7) | 50 ± 1.4 (12) | 0.96 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.82 | 0.77 |
| Birth weight – kg | 3.3 ± 0.3 (104) | 3.6 ± 0.2 (16) | 3.3 ± 0.4 (22) | 2.09 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.94 | 0.32 |
| Head circumference – cm | 35 ± 1 (52) | 35 ± 0 (2) | 33.8 ± 1.1 (6) | 0.17 | 0.85 | 0.89 | 0.95 | 0.83 |
| Hyperactivity – % | 1 (73) | 18 (33) | 23 (44) | 11.9 | 3 × 10−33 | 0.02 | 2 × 10−3 | 0.84 |
| Dyslexia – % | 3 (195) | 18 (34) | 18 (44) | 16.2 | 3 × 10−4 | 4 × 10−3 | 1 × 10−3 | 1.00 |
| Epilepsy – % | 0 (196) | 0 (34) | 7 (44) | 15.8 | 3 × 10−4 | 1.00 | 3 × 10−3 | 0.34 |
| Enuresis – % | 2 (229) | 9 (34) | 18 (44) | 22.7 | 1 × 10−5 | 0.07 | 7 × 10−6 | 0.40 |
| Encopresis – % | 0 (195) | 0 (34) | 0 (44) | 0.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Psychiatric history | ||||||||
| First subjective symptoms – years | – | 18 ± 7 (31) | 17 ± 5 (42) | −0.97 | 0.33 | – | – | – |
| First clinical signs – years | – | 21.5 ± 5 (28) | 18 ± 4 (39) | −1.30 | 0.20 | – | – | – |
| First treatment – years | – | 24.5 ± 4.5 (32) | 23.5 ± 4 (42) | −0.59 | 0.56 | – | – | – |
| Hospitalization – % | – | 85 (34) | 95 (44) | 1.34 | 0.25 | – | – | – |
| First hospitalization – years | – | 26 ± 5 (29) | 27 ± 7 (39) | 0.39 | 0.70 | – | – | – |
| Clinical features | ||||||||
| Global assessment of functioning | – | 60 ± 10 (26) | 55 ± 5 (31) | −3.42 | 2 × 10−3 | – | – | – |
| BPRS (18 items) | – | 34 ± 7 (23) | 47 ± 8 (32) | 3.90 | 3 × 10−4 | – | – | – |
| YMRS | – | 0 ± 0 (18) | 2 ± 2 (26) | −0.30 | 0.77 | – | – | – |
| MADRS | – | 13 ± 11 (20) | 22.5 ± 10 (34) | 2.54 | 0.01 | – | – | – |
| Neurological soft signs | ||||||||
| Total score | 5.5 ± 3 (178) | 8.5 ± 3 (33) | 12.5 ± 6 (44) | 32.5 | < 1 × 10−10 | 3 × 10−3 | < 1 × 10−10 | 0.01 |
| Motor coordination score | 3.4 ± 2 (178) | 4.1 ± 2.5 (33) | 6.0 ± 3 (44) | 10.7 | 3 × 10−5 | 0.53 | 2 × 10−5 | 0.04 |
| Motor integration score | 1.4 ± 1 (178) | 3.0 ± 2 (33) | 4.0 ± 2 (44) | 37.7 | < 1 × 10−10 | 1 × 10−4 | < 1 × 10−10 | 0.03 |
| Sensory integration score | 1.3 ± 1 (178) | 2.4 ± 1.5 (33) | 2.8 ± 1.5 (44) | 18.0 | 5 × 10−8 | 2 × 10−3 | 3 × 10−7 | 0.44 |
N, number of subjects. Significant p values are computed after false discovery rate correction (Benjamini/Hochberg). Significant p values specific to the difference between resistance and response are in bold and light red. BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale; MADRS, Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale.