Table 2.
Associations between early-life (before age 17 years) adversity and the presence of multisite chronic pain in the end of the follow-up interval among participants without chronic pain in the beginning of the follow-up interval (n = 2161)
| Chronic pain status in the end of the interval | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||
| Early-life adversity (before age 17 years) | All n = 2161 | Multisite CP n = 89 | Non-multisite CP n = 434 | No CP n = 1638 | Multisite vs. no CP RR (95CI) | Non-multisite vs. no CP RR (95CI) | Multisite vs. no CP RR (95CI) | Non-multisite vs. no CP RR (95CI) |
| Number of early–life event or abuse, mean (s.d.) | 0.34 (0.63) | 0.57 (0.85) | 0.37 (0.64) | 0.31 (0.61) | 1.27* (1.06;1.52) | 1.07 (0.96;1.19) | – | – |
| Type of early–life event or abuse, % | ||||||||
| Sexual or physical abuse | 63 (2.9) | 5 (5.6) | 12 (2.8) | 44 (2.7) | 1.19 (0.43;3.31) | 0.78 (0.39;1.55) | 0.99 (0.34;2.87) | 0.78 (0.39;1.56) |
| Witnessing of violence between parents | 236 (10.9) | 15 (16.9) | 51 (11.8) | 170 (10.4) | 1.37 (0.77;2.43) | 1.07 (0.75;1.52) | 1.08 (0.60;1.94) | 1.04 (0.72;1.51) |
| Divorce or separation of parents | 238 (11.0) | 19 (21.3) | 49 (11.3) | 170 (10.4) | 2.04* (1.18;3.53) | 1.08 (0.76;1.53) | 1.98* (1.13;3.47) | 1.07 (0.74;1.54) |
| Loss of a close | 190 (8.8) | 11 (12.4) | 48 (11.1) | 133 (8.1) | 1.52 (0.78;2.95) | 1.43* (1.00;2.04) | 1.52 (0.78;2.95) | 1.41° (0.99;2.02) |
Note: °p < 0.1, *p < 0.05.
Model 1: Each line corresponds to one multinomial logistic regression model.
Model 2: One single multinomial logistic regression model with each type of early-life adversity entered simultaneously.
All models were adjusted for sex; age; education; duration of follow-up interval; follow-up interval (FU1 to FU2 or FU2 to FU3); medication (analgesics, antidepressants, anxiolytics) in the end of the follow-up interval; presence of non-chronic pain at the beginning of the follow-up interval; personality (neuroticism, extraversion); lifetime mental disorders (major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders [agoraphobia, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia]); and intrapersonal correlations.
The multinomial logistic regression models were fitted with no chronic pain in the end of the interval as the reference level.
Abbreviations: CP, chronic pain; RR, relative risk; 95CI, 95% confidence interval.
Bold entries mean significant results.