Table 3.
Associations between early-life (before age 17 years) adversity and the presence of neuropathic and non-neuropathic multisite chronic pain at the end of the follow-up interval among participants without chronic pain in the beginning of the follow-up interval (n = 2161)
| Chronic pain status at the end of the follow-up interval | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||||||||
| Multisite CP | Non-multisite CP | No CP | Multisite | Non-multisite | Multisite | Non-multisite | |||||||
| DN4 + n = 25 | DN4 - n = 64 | DN4 + n = 37 | DN4 - n = 397 | n = 1638 | DN4 + vs. no CP RR (95CI) | DN4 − vs. no CP RR (95CI) | DN4 + vs. no CP RR (95CI) | DN4 − vs. no CP RR (95CI) | DN4 + vs. no CP RR (95CI) | DN4 − vs. no CP RR (95CI) | DN4 + vs. no CP RR (95CI) | DN4 − vs. no CP RR (95CI) | |
| Number of early–life event or abuse, mean (s.d.) | 0.76 (0.93) | 0.50 (0.82) | 0.49 (0.69) | 0.36 (0.64) | 0.31 (0.61) | 1.60** (1.21;2.13) | 1.15 (0.92;1.43) | 1.22 (0.93;1.58) | 1.05 (0.94;1.18) | – | – | – | – |
| Type of early–life event or abuse (n, %) | |||||||||||||
| Sexual or physical abuse | 2 (8.0) | 3 (4.7) | 3 (8.1) | 9 (2.3) | 115 (2.7) | 1.78 (0.34;9.38) | 0.94 (0.27;3.31) | 2.15 (0.55;8.46) | 0.64 (0.30;1.36) | 0.93 (0.14;5.95) | 0.95 (0.27;3.33) | 1.90 (0.47;7.73) | 0.66 (0.31;1.40) |
| Witnessing of violence between parents | 6 (24.0) | 9 (14.1) | 6 (16.2) | 45 (11.3) | 170 (10.4) | 2.50* (1.09;5.73) | 1.05 (0.51;2.18) | 1.48 (0.59;3.70) | 1.03 (0.71;1.49) | 1.60 (0.67;3.80) | 0.95 (0.45;2.00) | 1.18 (0.39;3.56) | 1.03 (0.70;1.51) |
| Divorce or separation of parents | 9 (36.0) | 10 (15.6) | 7 (18.9) | 42 (10.6) | 170 (10.4) | 4.82** (1.88;12.32) | 1.33 (0.68;2.62) | 1.90 (0.80;4.52) | 1.00 (0.69;1.45) | 4.21** (1.45;12.18) | 1.35 (0.69;2.63) | 1.74 (0.66;4.56) | 1.00 (0.68;1.47) |
| Loss of a close | 1 (4.0) | 10 (15.6) | 2 (5.4) | 46 (11.6) | 133 (8.1) | 0.49 (0.07;3.56) | 1.91° (0.94;3.88) | 0.72 (0.17;3.00) | 1.50* (1.04;2.15) | 0.52 (0.07;3.93) | 1.90° (0.93;3.88) | 0.71 (0.17;3.03) | 1.48* (1.03;2.13) |
Note: °p < 0.1; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.
Model 1: Each line corresponds to one multinomial logistic regression model.
Model 2: One single multinomial logistic regression model with each type of early-life adversity entered simultaneously.
All models were adjusted for sex; age; education; duration of follow-up; follow-up interval (FU1 to FU2 or FU2 to FU3); medication (analgesics, antidepressants, anxiolytics) at the end of the follow-up interval; presence of non-chronic pain at the beginning of the follow-up interval; personality (neuroticism, extraversion); lifetime mental disorders (major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders [agoraphobia, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia]); and intrapersonal correlations. The multinomial logistic regression models were fitted with no chronic pain at the end of the follow-up interval as the reference level.
Abbreviations: CP, chronic pain; RR, relative risk; 95CI, 95% confidence interval.
Bold entries mean significant results.