Table 4.
The association between sociodemographic characteristics, self-perceived oral health status and behaviors, and clinical oral health status indicators, among young users of ECs, Islamabad, Pakistan (N=142)
| Characteristics |
DMFT
Mean (SD) |
OHI-S
n (%) |
Stain
n (%) |
Gingival bleeding
n (%) |
Plaque
n (%) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Good | Fair | Poor | No stain | Mild/moderate | Severe | Absence | Presence | Absence | Presence | ||
| Age (years) | |||||||||||
| 16–20 | 5.5 (1.91) | 18 (38.3) | 23 (43.4) | 19 (45.2) | 24 (40.7) | 13 (31.7) | 23 (54.8) | 30 (40.0) | 30 (44.8) | 36 (39.1) | 24 (48.0) |
| 21–25 | 5.7 (2.40) | 29 (61.7) | 30 (56.6) | 23 (54.8) | 35 (59.3) | 28 (68.3) | 19 (45.2) | 45 (60.0) | 37 (55.2) | 56 (60.9) | 26 (52.0) |
| p | 0.661 | 0.785 | 0.099 | 0.343 | 0.199 | ||||||
| Gender | |||||||||||
| Male | 5.7 (2.22) | 37 (78.7) | 41 (77.4) | 30 (71.4) | 44 (74.6) | 34 (82.9) | 30 (76.1) | 58 (77.3) | 50 (76.1) | 71 (77.2) | 37 (74.0) |
| Female | 5.3 (2.15) | 10 (21.3) | 12 (22.6) | 12 (28.6) | 15 (25.4) | 7 (17.1) | 12 (28.6) | 17 (22.7) | 17 (25.4) | 21 (22.8) | 13 (26.0) |
| p | 0.351 | 0.695 | 0.443 | 0.428 | 0.410 | ||||||
| Education level | |||||||||||
| Primary | 6.0 (2.17) | 5 (10.6) | 10 (18.9) | 5 (11.9) | 9 (15.3) | 7 (17.1) | 4 (9.5) | 11 (14.7) | 9 (13.4) | 12 (13.0) | 8 (16.0) |
| High School | 6.1 (2.01) | 18 (38.3) | 21 (39.6) | 22 (52.4) | 23 (39.0) | 15 (36.6) | 23 (54.8) | 31 (41.3) | 30 (44.8) | 42 (45.7) | 19 (38.0) |
| University | 5.0 (2.29) | 24 (51.1) | 22 (41.5) | 15 (35.7) | 27 (45.8) | 19 (46.3) | 15 (35.7) | 33 (44.0) | 28 (41.8) | 38 (41.3) | 23 (46.0) |
| p | 0.023 | 0.420 | 0.458 | 0.916 | 0.667 | ||||||
| Income (PKR) | |||||||||||
| <50000 | 5.6 (2.26) | 25 (53.2) | 33 (62.3) | 23 (54.8) | 35 (59.3) | 23 (56.1) | 23 (54.8) | 43 (57.3) | 38 (56.7) | 53 (57.6) | 28 (56.0) |
| 50000–100000 | 5.6 (2.06) | 12 (25.5) | 9 (17.0) | 11 (26.2) | 10 (16.9) | 8 (19.5) | 14 (33.3) | 15 (20.0) | 17 (25.4) | 21 (22.8) | 11 (22.0) |
| >100000 | 5.6 (2.27) | 10 (21.3) | 11 (20.8) | 8 (19.0) | 14 (23.7) | 10 (24.4) | 5 (11.9) | 17 (22.7) | 12 (17.9) | 18 (19.6) | 11 (22.0) |
| p | 0.984 | 0.803 | 0.251 | 0.655 | 0.942 | ||||||
| Vaping use per day | |||||||||||
| Non-daily | 4.2 (1.76) | 28 (56.0) | 15 (30.0) | 7 (14.0) | 32 (64.0) | 9 (18.0) | 9 (18.0) | 35 (70.0) | 15 (30.0) | 39 (78.0) | 11 (22.0) |
| 1–10 | 4.7 (1.74) | 16 (43.2) | 16 (43.2) | 5 (13.5) | 22 (59.5) | 13 (35.1) | 2 (5.4) | 27 (73.0) | 10 (27.0) | 29 (78.4) | 8 (21.6) |
| 11–19 | 6.9 (1.01) | 3 (11.5) | 13 (50.0) | 10 (38.5) | 3 (11.5) | 14 (53.8) | 9 (34.6) | 10 (38.5) | 16 (61.5) | 15 (57.7) | 11 (42.3) |
| >19 | 8.2 (0.95) | 0 | 9 (31.0) | 20 (69.0) | 2 (6.9) | 5 (17.2) | 3 (10.3) | 26 (89.7) | 9 (31.0) | 20 (69.0) | |
| p | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||
| Months since started vaping | |||||||||||
| Around 12 | 3.2 (0.94) | 29 (70.7) | 11 (26.8) | 1 (2.4) | 40 (97.6) | 0 | 36 (87.8) | 5 (12.2) | 37 (90.2) | 4 (9.8) | |
| 12–18 | 4.8 (1.36) | 11 (39.3) | 11 (39.3) | 6 (21.4) | 10 (35.7) | 11 (39.3) | 7 (25.0) | 17 (60.7) | 11 (39.3) | 20 (71.4) | 8 (28.6) |
| 18–24 | 6.6 (1.21) | 6 (15.0) | 22 (55.0) | 12 (30.0) | 8 (20.0) | 20 (50.0) | 12 (30.0) | 20 (50.0) | 20 (50.0) | 29 (72.5) | 11 (27.5) |
| >24 | 8.2 (1.08) | 1(3.0) | 9 (27.3) | 23 (69.7) | 1 (3.0) | 10 (30.3) | 22 (66.7) | 2 (6.1) | 31 (93.9) | 6 (18.2) | 27 (81.8) |
| p | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||
| Self-perceived dental health | |||||||||||
| Good | 5.5 (2.10) | 38 (80.9) | 46 (86.8) | 30 (71.4) | 49 (83.1) | 37 (90.2) | 28 (66.7) | 63 (84.0) | 51 (76.1) | 76 (82.6) | 38 (76.0) |
| Poor | 5.9 (2.58) | 9 (19.1) | 7 (13.2) | 12 (28.6) | 10 (16.9) | 4 (9.8) | 14 (33.3) | 12 (16.0) | 16 (23.9) | 16 (17.4) | 12 (24.0) |
| p | 0.420 | 0.173 | 0.021 | 0.167 | 0.233 | ||||||
| Self-perceived periodontal health | |||||||||||
| Good | 5.6 (2.15) | 35 (74.5) | 39 (73.6) | 28 (66.7) | 44 (74.6) | 33 (80.5) | 25 (59.5) | 56 (74.7) | 46 (68.7) | 66 (71.7) | 36 (72.0) |
| Poor | 5.8 (2.35) | 12 (25.5) | 14 (26.4) | 14 (33.3) | 15 (25.4) | 8 (19.5) | 17 (40.5) | 19 (25.3) | 21 (31.3) | 26 (28.3) | 14 (28.0) |
| p | 0.642 | 0.672 | 0.087 | 0.271 | 0.568 | ||||||
| Frequency of tooth brushing | |||||||||||
| None | 7.6 (3.51) | 1 (2.1) | 0 | 2 (4.8) | 1 (1.7) | 0 | 2 (4.8) | 1 (1.3) | 2 (3.0) | 1 (1.1) | 2 (4.0) |
| Once | 6.1 (1.99) | 27 (57.4) | 42 (79.2) | 39 (92.9) | 33 (55.9) | 37 (90.2) | 38 (90.5) | 48 (64.0) | 60 (89.6) | 65 (70.7) | 43 (86.0) |
| ≥2 times | 3.6 (1.57) | 19 (40.4) | 11 (20.8) | 1 (2.4) | 25 (42.4) | 4 (9.8) | 2 (4.8) | 26 (34.7) | 5 (7.5) | 26 (28.3) | 5 (10.0) |
| p | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.027 | ||||||
| Frequency of mouthwash use | |||||||||||
| None | 5.8 (2.19) | 27 (57.4) | 28 (52.8) | 25 (59.5) | 30 (50.8) | 23 (56.1) | 27 (64.3) | 39 (52.0) | 41 (61.2) | 51 (55.4) | 29 (58.0) |
| Everyday | 5.6 (2.24) | 15 (31.9) | 19 (35.8) | 15 (35.7) | 20 (33.9) | 15 (36.6) | 14 (33.3) | 25 (33.3) | 24 (35.8) | 30 (32.6) | 19 (38.0) |
| Sometime only | 4.9 (2.13) | 5 (10.6) | 6 (11.3) | 2 (4.8) | 9 (15.3) | 3 (7.3) | 1 (2.4) | 11 (14.7) | 2 (3.0) | 11 (12.0) | 2 (4.0) |
| p | 0.413 | 0.807 | 0.238 | 0.053 | 0.279 | ||||||
| Regular dental check-up | |||||||||||
| Yes | 5.1 (2.17) | 19 (40.4) | 20 (37.7) | 10 (23.8) | 26 (44.1) | 16 (39.0) | 7 (16.7) | 32 (42.7) | 17 (25.4) | 34 (37.0) | 15 (30.0) |
| No | 5.9 (2.18) | 28 (59.6) | 33 (62.3) | 32 (76.2) | 33 (55.9) | 25 (61.0) | 35 (83.3) | 43 (57.3) | 50 (74.6) | 58 (63.0) | 35 (70.0) |
| p | 0.049 | 0.212 | 0.013 | 0.023 | 0.260 | ||||||
DMFT: decayed, missing, and filled teeth. OHI-S: oral hygiene index simplified. PKR: 1000 Pakistani Rupees about US$3.6.