Fig. 4.

- Glioblastoma patients feature a reduction in innate and adaptive immune cell population in the PB and a higher abundance of cell activation and exhaustion markers. A PCA including PB mFC parameters (cell clusters as % of living cells identified by manual gating) of RRMS and glioblastoma patients as well as HC. Every patient is displayed as a colored symbol. B Heatmap analysis of PB mFC parameters (cell clusters as % of living cells identified by manual gating): the median of each parameter was calculated, scaled, centered, and clustered hierarchically. CD4⁺ senescent T cells are not visualized given the median of 0 in all groups; C–E Volcano plots showing PB mFC parameters of patients with glioblastoma or RRMS, and HC. The fold change of each single parameter between two groups is plotted against the corresponding p-value calculated by ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey HSD, if normality could be assumed based on Shapiro–Wilk test. Otherwise, Kruskal Wallis test with Dunn post hoc test (p-adjustment method: Benjamini–Hochberg) was used. Only significant parameters are labeled. Non-significant parameters are shown as black triangles. Parameters that did not remain significant after correction for age and sex are colored in grey. Senescent CD4⁺ are not visualized given the median of 0 in all groups. F Comparison of MFIs (medians) of different cell surface markers between patients with glioblastoma or RRMS and HC. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01. Ag antigen-presenting, Altern alternative, B B cells, Breg B regulatory cells, cMono classical monocytes, cytox cytotoxic, DC dendritic cells, HC healthy control, ILC innate lymphoid cells, iMono intermediate monocytes, Infil infiltrating, Lympho lymphocytes, mFC multidimensional flow cytometry, MFI mean fluorescence intensity, Mono monocytes, MZB Marginal zone like B cells, ncMono non-classical monocytes, NK natural killer cells, NKT Natural killer T cells, PCA principal component analysis, RRMS relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis, Sen senescent, T T cells, TCM Central memory T cells, TEM Effector memory T cells, Th T helper cells, Treg Regulatory T cells, TSCM Stem memory T cells, TTE terminal effector T cells, TZB Transitional B cells