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. 2024 Nov 5;57:78. doi: 10.1186/s40659-024-00559-1

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Mevalonate pathway, astaxanthin and ergosterol biosynthesis. Pathways are delineated by boxes of different colors: carotenoid biosynthesis (orange), sterol biosynthesis (green); and the MVA pathway (blue). Metabolites abbreviations: HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA), MVA (mevalonate), MVA-P (mevalonate-5-phosphate), MVA-PP (mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate), IPP (isopentenyl pyrophosphate), DMAPPP (dimethylallyl pyrophosphate), GPP (geranyl pyrophosphate), FPP (farnesyl pyrophosphate), and GGPP (geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate). Genes encoding the enzymes that catalyze each step are in italics, and the codes for those described in X. dendrorhous are as follows: ERG10 (KX267759), HMGS/ERG13 (MK368600/XDEN_03265), HMGR (AJ884949), IDI (DQ235686), FPS (KJ140284). Genes that control the astaxanthin and ergosterol synthesis pathway: crtE (DQ012943), crtYB (DQ016503), crtI (Y15007), crtS (EU713462), crtR (EU884133), ERG11/CYP51 (KP317478), ERG6 (LN48333.2), ERG3 (MN930922) and ERG5/CYP61 (JX183240), ERG4 (MN930923) (Figure modified from Loto et al. [24])