. 2024 Nov 5;57:78. doi: 10.1186/s40659-024-00559-1

Table 2.

Composition of carotenoids in X. dendrorhous strains studied in this work

Carotenoid	Strains
Astaxanthin	320.0 ± 34.8 (87.6 ± 3.3)	339.0 ± 21.6 (81.1 ± 3.6)	440.1 ± 24.2 (82.5 ± 2.9)	572.7 ± 88.6* (74.2 ± 7.6)	659.8 ± 44.0 (86.9 ± 1.8)	652.0 ± 40.3 (70.7 ± 1.5)
Phoenicoxanthin	15.4 ± 2.9 (4.2 ± 0.5)	23.7 ± 2.3* (5.7 ± 0.5)	21.9 ± 7.6 (4.1 ± 1.3)	24.7 ± 8.4 (3.2 ± 0.9)	16.4 ± 1.9 (2.2 ± 0.3)	22.0 ± 2.5 (2.4 ± 0.1)
OH-equinenone	4.2 ± 2.6 (1.1 ± 0.6)	7.5 ± 4.0* (1.8 ± 1.0)	9.9 ± 2.4 (1.9 ± 0.5)	30.7 ± 7.8* (4.0 ± 1.2)	9.4 ± 2.8 (1.2 ± 0.4)	40.3 ± 9.2* (4.3 ± 0.8)
Equinenone	6.0 ± 2.3 (1.6 ± 0.5)	5.7 ± 1.3 (1.4 ± 0.3)	7.6 ± 0.9 (1.4 ± 0.2)	5.1 ± 0.6* (0.7 ± 0.1)	9.0 ± 0.5 (1.2 ± 0.0)	10.1 ± 3.7 (1.1 ± 0.4)
β-carotene	4.5 ± 1.9 (1.2 ± 0.5)	9.2 ± 4.2* (2.2 ± 1.1)	21.6 ± 6.5 (4.1 ± 1.3)	57.2 ± 27.3* (7.5 ± 4.0)	23.4 ± 1.6 (3.1 ± 0.3)	73.7 ± 1.6* (8.0 ± 0.4)
Phytoene	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Other carotenoids	15.5 ± 8.4 (4.2 ± 2.0)	32.7 ± 15.1* (7.8 ± 3.7)	32.7 ± 11.3 (6.1 ± 2.1)	79.4 ± 11.3* (10.4 ± 4.1)	40.9 ± 12.1 (5.4 ± 1.6)	123.6 ± 13.4* (13.4 ± 2.2)
Total carotenoids	366 ± 41.1 (100)	417.8 ± 10.4 (100)	533.6 ± 21.8 (100)	769.9* ± 63.3 (100)	758.8 ± 37.1 (100)	921.8 ± 57.6 (100)

Carotenoid

Strains

CBS6938

CBS. pHMGS/crtE

CBS.cyp61⁻

CBS.cyp61^-. pHMGS/crtE

CBS.SRE1N. FLAG

CBS.SRE1N
FLAG
pHMGS/crtE

Astaxanthin

320.0 ± 34.8

(87.6 ± 3.3)

339.0 ± 21.6

(81.1 ± 3.6)

440.1 ± 24.2

(82.5 ± 2.9)

572.7 ± 88.6*

(74.2 ± 7.6)

659.8 ± 44.0

(86.9 ± 1.8)

652.0 ± 40.3

(70.7 ± 1.5)

Phoenicoxanthin

15.4 ± 2.9

(4.2 ± 0.5)

23.7 ± 2.3*

(5.7 ± 0.5)

21.9 ± 7.6

(4.1 ± 1.3)

24.7 ± 8.4

(3.2 ± 0.9)

16.4 ± 1.9

(2.2 ± 0.3)

22.0 ± 2.5

(2.4 ± 0.1)

OH-equinenone

4.2 ± 2.6

(1.1 ± 0.6)

7.5 ± 4.0*

(1.8 ± 1.0)

9.9 ± 2.4

(1.9 ± 0.5)

30.7 ± 7.8*

(4.0 ± 1.2)

9.4 ± 2.8

(1.2 ± 0.4)

40.3 ± 9.2*

(4.3 ± 0.8)

Equinenone

6.0 ± 2.3

(1.6 ± 0.5)

5.7 ± 1.3

(1.4 ± 0.3)

7.6 ± 0.9

(1.4 ± 0.2)

5.1 ± 0.6*

(0.7 ± 0.1)

9.0 ± 0.5

(1.2 ± 0.0)

10.1 ± 3.7

(1.1 ± 0.4)

β-carotene

4.5 ± 1.9

(1.2 ± 0.5)

9.2 ± 4.2*

(2.2 ± 1.1)

21.6 ± 6.5

(4.1 ± 1.3)

57.2 ± 27.3*

(7.5 ± 4.0)

23.4 ± 1.6

(3.1 ± 0.3)

73.7 ± 1.6*

(8.0 ± 0.4)

Phytoene

Other carotenoids

15.5 ± 8.4

(4.2 ± 2.0)

32.7 ± 15.1*

(7.8 ± 3.7)

32.7 ± 11.3

(6.1 ± 2.1)

79.4 ± 11.3*

(10.4 ± 4.1)

40.9 ± 12.1

(5.4 ± 1.6)

123.6 ± 13.4*

(13.4 ± 2.2)

Total carotenoids

366 ± 41.1

(100)

417.8 ± 10.4

(100)

533.6 ± 21.8

(100)

769.9* ± 63.3

(100)

758.8 ± 37.1

(100)

921.8 ± 57.6

(100)

Carotenoids were extracted after 120 h of culture. Values are expressed in ppm (μg per g of dry yeast). Data in bold and in parentheses correspond to the percentage of each carotenoid relative to the total amount of carotenoids. The table shows the average ± standard deviation of three biological replicates. ND not detected. Other carotenoids include: torulene, OH-k-torulene, canthaxanthin, and OH-K-γ-carotene. Significant differences using a t-Student test (p-value < 0.05) between each mutant strain compared to its respective parental strain are indicated in the table (*)