Table 1.
Summary of natural product extract cocktail- and natural metabolites-based PECs inhibitors.
| Species (or others) | Inhibitor | Testing model | Main phases of action | Toxicity CC50 value of drugs in vitro assay (μg/mL or others) | Viruses | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Streptomyces | Xiamycin C | In vitro | Replication | 76.90 ± 3.29 μmol/L | PEDV | (Kim et al. 2016a) |
| Xiamycin D | In vitro | Replication | 56.03 ± 3.45 μmol/L | PEDV | (Kim et al. 2016a) | |
| Xiamycin E | In vitro | Replication | 98.74 ± 1.52 μmol/L | PEDV | (Kim et al. 2016a) | |
| Bacillus subtilis | Surfactin | In vitro and In vivo | Attachment, entry | > 50 | PEDV | (Yuan et al. 2018) |
| Surfactin | In vitro and In vivo | Attachment, entry | > 50 | TGEV | (Yuan et al. 2018) | |
| Surfactin | In vitro | Attachment, entry | > 20 | TGEV | (Wang et al. 2017b) | |
| Compound 1 (surfactin analogues) | In vitro | Attachment, entry | 847.2 ± 124.9 | PEDV | (Yuan et al. 2019) | |
| B. subtilis OKB105 | In vitro | Attachment, entry | – | TGEV | (Wang et al. 2017b) | |
| Bacillus licheniformis | B. licheniformis fermented products | In vitro and In vivo | Replication | > 150 | PEDV | (Peng et al. 2019) |
| Lactic acid bacteria | Lact. plantarum 22 F and 25 F | In vitro | Replication | – | PEDV | (Sirichokchatchawan et al. 2018) |
| Pediococcus strains 72 N and 77 F | In vitro | Replication | – | PEDV | (Sirichokchatchawan et al. 2018) | |
| Lactobacillus agilis (L3) | In vitro | Attachment | 1 × 108 CFU/mL | PEDV | (Chen et al. 2022b) | |
| Lactobacillus salivarius (L4) | In vitro | Attachment | 1 × 108 CFU/mL | PEDV | (Chen et al. 2022b) | |
| Lactobacillus salivarius (L4) | In vitro | Replication | – | PEDV | (Dong et al. 2021) | |
| Ln esenteroides (L5) | In vitro | Replication | – | PEDV | (Chang-Liao et al. 2020) | |
| L. acidophilus S-layer protein | In vitro | Attachment, replication | > 512 | PEDV | (Zhang et al. 2019) | |
| Lactobacillus plantarum metabolites | In vitro and In vivo | Attachment | > 1/8 times of the stock solution | PEDV | (Huang et al. 2021) | |
| L. plantarum exopolysaccharides | In vitro and In vivo | Attachment | > 1.35 × 103 | PEDV | (Huang et al. 2021) | |
| Lp-1 strain | In vitro | Replication | < 1/4-fold by Lp-1 | TGEV | (Wang et al. 2019a) | |
| LP-1S | In vitro | Replication | < 1/4-fold by LP-1S | PEDV | (Kan et al. 2023) | |
| Extracellular polysaccharide | In vitro | Replication | > 400 | PEDV | (Chen et al. 2023a) | |
| Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L6) | In vitro and In vivo | Replication | – | PEDV | (Huang et al. 2023) | |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus | Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | In vivo | Replication | – | PEDV | (Xu et al. 2024b) |
| Australian green treefrog | Caerin1.1 | In vitro | Attachment | > 200 | PEDV | (Guo et al. 2018) |
| Epimedium koreanum Nakai | Extract E7 | In vitro and In vivo | Replication | > 1.5 × 103 | PEDV | (Cho et al. 2012) |
| Extract E7 | In vitro | Replication | > 1.5 × 103 | TGEV | (Cho et al. 2012) | |
| Lonicera japonica Thunberg | Extract L8 | In vitro | Replication | > 20 fold-diluted | PEDV | (Cho et al. 2012) |
| Polysaccharide from Ginkgo biloba exocarp | P9 | In vitro | Attachment, entry | > 100 | PEDV | (Lee et al. 2015) |
| Griffithsia spp. | Griffithsin | In vitro | Attachment | > 10 | PEDV | (Li et al. 2019b) |
| In vitro | Attachment | 167.034 | PDCoV | (Tang et al. 2022) | ||
| Pogostemon cablin polysaccharides | PCP10 | In vitro | Replication | > 1250 | PEDV | (Chen et al. 2020b) |
| PCP11 | In vitro | Replication | > 625 | PEDV | (Chen et al. 2020b) | |
| PCP12 | In vitro | Attachment, entry, replication | > 5000 | PEDV | (Chen et al. 2020b) | |
| PCP13 | In vitro | Attachment, entry, replication | > 2500 | PEDV | (Chen et al. 2020b) | |
| Aloe | Aloe extract | In vitro and In vivo | Replication | > 1.6 × 104 | PEDV | (Xu et al. 2020) |
| Stixis scandens | S20 | In vitro | Replication | > 40 | PEDV | (Trinh et al. 2021) |
| Lactuca indica L. | L14 | In vitro | Replication | > 630 | PEDV | (Trinh et al. 2021) |
| Glochidion eriocarpum Champ. | G15 | In vitro | Replication | > 40 | PEDV | (Trinh et al. 2021) |
| Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze | A26 | In vitro | Replication | > 40 | PEDV | (Trinh et al. 2021) |
| Pericampylus glaucus (Lam.) Merr. | P27 | In vitro | Replication | > 160 | PEDV | (Trinh et al. 2021) |
| Mahonia bealei (Fortune) Carrière | M28 | In vitro | Replication | > 160 | PEDV | (Trinh et al. 2021) |
| Gnetum montanum Markgr | G29 | In vitro | Replication | > 160 | PEDV | (Trinh et al. 2021) |
| Tacca chantrieri André | T30 | In vitro | Replication | > 310 | PEDV | (Trinh et al. 2021) |
| Crinum asiaticum L. | C31 | In vitro | Replication | > 80 | PEDV | (Trinh et al. 2021) |
| Mallotus barbatus Müll.Arg | M32 | In vitro | Replication | > 40 | PEDV | (Trinh et al. 2021) |
| Croton kongensis Gagnep. | C33 | In vitro | Replication | > 40 | PEDV | (Trinh et al. 2021) |
| Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. | T34 | In vitro | Replication | > 80 | PEDV | (Trinh et al. 2021) |
| Aristolochia xuanlienensis | A35 | In vitro | Replication | > 1250 | PEDV | (Trinh et al. 2021) |
| Aristolochia acuminata Lam. | A36 | In vitro | Replication | > 80 | PEDV | (Trinh et al. 2021) |
| Alpinia genus | Alpinia zerumbet extract | In vitro | Attachment, replication | > 500 | PEDV | (Narusaka et al. 2021) |
| Portulaca oleracea | Portulaca oleracea extract | In vitro | Attachment, replication | > 2.5 × 104 | PEDV | (Liu et al. 2021) |
| Portulaca oleracea extract | In vitro | Replication | > 2.5 × 104 | PEDV | (Zhang et al. 2023d) | |
| Alpiniae oxyphyllae fructus | Alpiniae oxyphyllae fructus polysaccharide 3 | In vitro | Attachment, entry | > 5000 | PEDV | (Chen et al. 2021b) |
| Alpiniae oxyphyllae fructus polysaccharide 3 | In vitro | Attachment, entry | > 5000 | PEDV | (Luo et al. 2022) | |
| Alpiniae oxyphyllae fructus polysaccharide 3 | In vitro | Replication | > 400 | PEDV | (Wu et al. 2023) | |
| M. oleifera | M.oleifera extract | In vitro | Replication | > 2000 | PEDV | (Cao et al. 2022) |
| Hypericum japonicum | Hypericum japonicum extract | In vitro and In vivo | Later of replication stage | > 500 | PEDV | (Rao et al. 2023) |
| Licorice | Licorice extract | In vitro and In vivo | Attachment, internalization, replication | 473.3 | PEDV | (Bai et al. 2024) |
| Traditional Chinese medicine compound | Lizhong decoction | In vitro and In vivo | Replication | > 4 × 104 | PEDV | (Chen et al. 2024b) |
| Insects product | Black soldier fly extract | In vivo | Replication | > 50 mg/kg | PEDV | (Yu et al. 2024) |
| Fungal product | Yeast polysaccharides | In vivo | Replication | > 20 mg/kg | PEDV | (Li et al. 2024a) |
| – | Attapulgite | In vitro | Attachment | – | PEDV | (Wang et al. 2024c) |
| Enterococcus faecium | NCIMB 10415 | In vitro | Attachment, replication | – | TGEV | (Chai et al. 2013) |
| Antimicrobial peptide | Bovine antimicrobial peptide-13 | In vitro and In vivo | Replication | > 62.5 | TGEV | (Liang et al. 2020) |
| mReg3a | In vitro | Replication | > 62.5 | PEDV | (Bai et al. 2021) | |
| mReg3a | In vitro | Replication | > 62.5 | TGEV | (Bai et al. 2021) | |
| Cimicifuga | Cimicifuga rhizoma polysaccharide | In vitro | Replication | > 250 | TGEV | (Tan et al. 2024) |
Note: “–”, no data provided.