Table 2.

Small molecule inhibitors against PECs.

Number of chemical structures in Fig.	Inhibitor	Testing model	Activity IC50/EC50 (μmol/L or others)	Toxicity CC50 value of drugs in vitro assay (μmol/L or others)	Main phases of action	Viruses	Ref.
Small molecule inhibitors that mainly inhibit PECs adsorption.
Figure 2 (1)	Phloroglucinol	In vitro	–	374.4 ± 4.0	Entry	PEDV	(Kwon et al. 2013)
Figure 2 (2)	Eckol	In vitro	22.5 ± 2.2	388.3 ± 2.6	Entry	PEDV	(Kwon et al. 2013)
Figure 2 (3)	7-Phloroeckol	In vitro	18.6 ± 2.3	446.2 ± 3.8	Entry	PEDV	(Kwon et al. 2013)
Figure 2 (4)	Phlorofucofuroeckol	In vitro	10.8 ± 1.4	579.0 ± 4.3	Entry, replication	PEDV	(Kwon et al. 2013)
Figure 2 (5)	Dieckol	In vitro	16.6 ± 3.0	490.6 ± 1.6	Entry, replication	PEDV	(Kwon et al. 2013)
Figure 2 (6)	Compound 6	In vitro	–	< 10	Attachment	PEDV	(Chen et al. 2021c)
Figure 2 (7)	Compound 7	In vitro	–	> 40	Attachment	PEDV	(Chen et al. 2021c)
Figure 2 (8)	Compound 8	In vitro	–	> 60	Attachment	PEDV	(Chen et al. 2021c)
Figure 2 (9)	Levisrolide A	In vitro	–	> 100	Attachment, entry, replication	PEDV	(Zeng et al. 2022b)
Figure 2 (10)	Cepharanthine	In vitro and In vivo	2.53	29.92	Attachment, entry	PEDV	(Dong et al. 2022)
		In vitro	0.2	10.98	Attachment, replication	PEDV	(Leng et al. 2024)
		In vitro	–	17	Attachment, replication	PDCoV	(Sun et al. 2024c)
		In vitro	–	16.18	Entry	SADS-CoV	(Chen et al. 2022c)
		In vitro	1.03	> 12.5	Attachment, replication	SADS-CoV	(Leng et al. 2024)
Figure 2 (11)	Tetrandrine	In vitro	3.50	24.78	Attachment, entry	PEDV	(Dong et al. 2022)
		In vitro	–	30.03	Attachment, replication	PEDV	(Qian et al. 2024)
		In vitro	0.44	11.71	Attachment, replication	PEDV	(Leng et al. 2024)
		In vitro	2.19	> 12.5	Attachment, replication	SADS-CoV	(Leng et al. 2024)
Figure 2 (12)	Fangchinoline	In vitro	6.69	30.19	Attachment, entry	PEDV	(Dong et al. 2022)
		In vitro	3.54	17	Attachment, entry	PEDV	(Zhang et al. 2023a)
		In vitro	0.67	37.49	Replication	PEDV	(Zhang et al. 2023c)
		In vitro	0.2	12.35	Attachment, replication	PEDV	(Leng et al. 2024)
		In vitro	2.23	> 12.5	Attachment, replication	SADS-CoV	(Leng et al. 2024)
Figure 2 (13)	Berbamine	In vitro	9.00	20	Attachment, entry	PEDV	(Zhang et al. 2023a)
		In vitro	0.5	> 25	Attachment, replication	PEDV	(Leng et al. 2024)
		In vitro	5.84	> 25	Attachment, replication	PEDV	(Leng et al. 2024)
Figure 2 (14)	(+)-Fangchinoline	In vitro	4.68	16	Attachment, entry	PEDV	(Zhang et al. 2023a)
Figure 2 (15)	Isotetrandrine	In vitro	1.67	> 25	Attachment, replication	PEDV	(Leng et al. 2024)
		In vitro	3.67	> 50	Attachment, replication	SADS-CoV	(Leng et al. 2024)
Figure 2 (16)	Cycleanine	In vitro	0.34	> 12.5	Attachment, replication	PEDV	(Leng et al. 2024)
		In vitro	2.77	> 12.5	Attachment, replication	SADS-CoV	(Leng et al. 2024)
Figure 2 (17)	Dauricine	In vitro	1.7	> 25	Attachment, replication	PEDV	(Leng et al. 2024)
		In vitro	0.84	> 12.5	Attachment, replication	SADS-CoV	(Leng et al. 2024)
Figure 2 (18)	Daurisoline	In vitro	0.82	> 12.5	Attachment, replication	PEDV	(Leng et al. 2024)
		In vitro	2.8	> 12.5	Attachment, replication	SADS-CoV	(Leng et al. 2024)
Figure 2 (19)	Niclosamide	In vitro	0.246	25.29	Entry	PEDV	(Wang et al. 2023g)
Figure 2 (20)	Bafilomycin A1	In vitro	–	> 1.0	Entry	PEDV	(Wang et al. 2023g)
Figure 2 (21)	Chloroquine	In vitro	–	> 25	Entry	PEDV	(Wang et al. 2023g)
Figure 2 (22)	Veratramine	In vitro	≤ 5	>60	Entry, replication	PEDV	(Chen et al. 2024a)
Figure 2 (23)	Matrine	In vitro	–	> 1.0 mg/mL	Entry, attachment, replication	PEDV	(Qiao et al. 2024)
Figure 2 (24)	Benzoic acid	In vitro and In vivo	–	> 4 × 103	Entry	PEDV	(Liu et al. 2024b)
Figure 2 (25)	Tunicamycin	In vitro	25.3 ng/mL	> 2 μg/mL	Attachment, entry	SADS-CoV	(Chen et al. 2023b)
Small molecule inhibitors that regulate viral proteins or proteases to inhibit PECs replication.
Figure 3 (26)	N3	In vitro	–	–	Replication	PEDV	(Wang et al. 2017a)
Figure 3 (27)	Compound 27	In vitro	–	–	Replication	PEDV	(Wang et al. 2017a)
Figure 3 (28)	Compound 28	In vitro	–	–	Replication	PEDV	(Wang et al. 2017a)
Figure 3 (29)	Compound 29	In vitro	37.8	533.8	Replication	PEDV	(Shi et al. 2018)
Figure 3 (30)	Compound 30	In vitro	23.4	522.3	Replication	PEDV	(Shi et al. 2018)
Figure 3 (31)	3-(aminocarbonyl)-1-phenylpyridinium	In vitro	0.1877	73.8	Replication	PEDV	(Zhou et al. 2021)
Figure 3 (32)	2,3-dichloronaphthoquinone	In vitro	6.765	21.79	Replication	PEDV	(Zhou et al. 2021)
Figure 3 (33)	GC376	In vitro	1.11 ± 1.13	> 200	Replication	PEDV	(Ye et al. 2020)
Figure 3 (34)	Quercetin	In vitro	≤ 3	> 400	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2020d)
		In vitro	–	> 400 μg/mL	Replication	SADS-CoV	(Zheng et al. 2022)
		In vitro	–	> 600	Attachment, replication	SADS-CoV	(Feng et al. 2024)
Figure 3 (35)	Flavonol	In vitro	20.37	463.8	Replication	PEDV	(Liang et al. 2024)
Figure 3 (36)	Chrysin	In vitro	2.484 ± 0.59 μg/mL	83.56 ± 2.12 μg/mL	Replication	PEDV	(Gong et al. 2023)
Figure 3 (37)	Naringenin	In vitro	4.505 ± 2.25 μg/mL	61.86 ± 0.97 μg/mL	Replication	PEDV	(Gong et al. 2023)
Figure 3 (38)	Wogonin	In vitro	–	> 475	Replication	PEDV	(Wang et al. 2023d)
Figure 3 (39)	Baicalein	In vitro	≤ 11.2	> 400	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2024c)
		In vitro	–	758.7 μg/mL	Replication	PDCoV	(Liu et al. 2024a)
Figure 3 (40)	Baicalin	In vitro	≤ 13	> 400	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2024c)
Figure 3 (41)	Luteolin	In vitro	≤ 68.5	> 238	Replication	PEDV	(Wang et al. 2024b)
Figure 3 (42)	Tomatidine	In vitro	3.447	45.68	Replication	PEDV	(Wang et al. 2020)
Figure 3 (43)	Pneumocandin B0,	In vitro	3.476	43.00	Replication	PEDV	(Wang et al. 2020)
Figure 3 (44)	(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate	In vitro	8.764	99.04	Replication	PEDV	(Wang et al. 2020)
Figure 3 (45)	Buddlejasaponin IVb	In vitro	8.136	89.77	Replication	PEDV	(Wang et al. 2020)
		In vitro and In vivo	6.943	84.56	Replication, release	PEDV	(Sun et al. 2022)
Figure 3 (46)	Xanthohumol	In vitro	7.51	57.04 ± 2.11	Replication	PEDV	(Lin et al. 2021)
Figure 3 (47)	Hypericin	In vitro	5.90 ± 0.26	56.73 ± 9.4	Replication	PEDV	(Zhang et al. 2021b)
		In vitro	–	97.06 ± 9.4	Replication	TGEV	(Zhang et al. 2021b)
Figure 3 (48)	Octyl gallate (OG)	In vitro and In vivo	242.15	> 40	Replication	PEDV	(Su et al. 2023)
Figure 3 (49)	Compound 49	In vitro	7.5 ± 0.7	> 20	Replication	PEDV	(Cho et al. 2019)
Figure 3 (50)	Compound 50	In vivo	8.0 ± 2.5	> 20	Replication	PEDV	(Cho et al. 2019)
Figure 3 (51)	Polycarpine	In vivo	5.68 ± 0.80	50.20 ± 1.19	Replication	PEDV	(Zhang et al. 2024a)
Figure 3 (52)	TMPyP4	In vitro	–	> 60	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2023c)
Figure 3 (53)	PDS	In vitro	–	> 60	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2023c)
Figure 3 (54)	Braco-19	In vitro	–	> 10	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2023c)
Figure 3 (55)	Phen-DC3	In vitro	–	> 60	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2023c)
Figure 3 (56)	6-thioguanine	In vivo	13.7 ± 1.7	–	Replication	PEDV	(Chu et al. 2018)
Figure 3 (57)	ZINC12899676	In vitro	–	> 10	Replication	PEDV	(Wang et al. 2022c)
Figure 3 (58)	Remdesivir	In vivo	–	> 10	Replication	PDCoV	(Brown et al. 2019)
		In vitro	–	> 250	Replication	PEDV	(Xie et al. 2021)
		In vitro	–	> 40	Replication	SADS-CoV	(Zhou et al. 2023)
Figure 3 (59)	β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine	In vitro	–	> 125	Replication	PEDV	(Xie et al. 2021)
Figure 3 (60)	Remdesivir nucleoside	In vitro	–	> 250	Replication	PEDV	(Xie et al. 2021)
Figure 3 (61)	Gossypol	In vitro	0.99	> 10	Replication	PEDV	(Wang et al. 2022d)
		In vitro	2.55	> 10	Replication	SADS-CoV	(Wang et al. 2022d)
		In vitro	1.06	> 5	Replication	PDCoV	(Wang et al. 2022d)
Figure 3 (62)	Molnupiravir	In vivo	12.30	> 96	Replication	PEDV	(Huang et al. 2013)
Figure 3 (63)	Tubercidin	In vitro	0.2487	14.23	Replication	PEDV	(Wang et al. 2024d)
		In vivo	–	14.32	Replication	SADS-CoV	(Wang et al. 2024d)
Figure 3 (64)	Compound 64	In vitro	–	> 20	Replication	PEDV	(Yang et al. 2015a)
Figure 3 (65)	Compound 65	In vitro	–	12.47 ± 0.97	Replication	PEDV	(Yang et al. 2015b)
Figure 3 (66)	Compound 66	In vitro	–	9.32 ± 1.19	Replication	PEDV	(Yang et al. 2015b)
Figure 3 (67)	Compound 67	In vitro	–	13.72 ± 1.35	Replication	PEDV	(Yang et al. 2015b)
Figure 3 (68)	Compound 68	In vitro	–	2.25 ± 0.11	Replication	PEDV	(Yang et al. 2015b)
Figure 3 (69)	Trichlormethiazide	In vitro	8.754 mg/mL	> 0.094 mg/mL	Replication	PEDV	(Deejai et al. 2017)
Figure 3 (70)	D- (+) biotin	In vitro	0.925 mg/mL	> 0.094 mg/mL	Replication	PEDV	(Deejai et al. 2017)
Figure 3 (71)	Glutathione reduced free acid	In vitro	2.722 mg/mL	> 1.5 mg/mL	Replication	PEDV	(Deejai et al. 2017)
Figure 3 (72)	Hyperoside	In vitro	–	> 20	Replication	PEDV	(Su et al. 2021)
		In vitro	2.588 μg/ml	25.15 μg/ml	Replication	PEDV	(Wang et al. 2024a)
Figure 3 (73)	Compound 73	In vitro	–	> 100	Replication	PDCoV	(Wang et al. 2022a)
Figure 3 (74)	Compound 74	In vitro	–	> 100	Replication	PDCoV	(Wang et al. 2022a)
Figure 3 (75)	Phloretin	In vivo	65.4 ± 4.26	440.6 ± 4.2	Replication	TGEV	(Duan et al. 2024b)
Figure 3 (76)	Myricetin	In vivo	31.19	> 1000	Replication	TGEV	(Fan et al. 2024)
Small molecule inhibitors that regulate host factors to inhibit PECs replication.
Figure 4 (77)	Glycyrrhizin	In vitro	–	>800	Entry, replication	PEDV	(Huan et al. 2017)
		In vitro	–	>5	Replication	PEDV	(Gao et al. 2020)
Figure 4 (78)	Chem-80,048,685	In vitro	39.03	116.7	Attachment, replication	PEDV	(Wang et al. 2023b)
Figure 4 (79)	Ouabain	In vitro	–	> 10 nmol/L	Attachment	PEDV	(Xiong et al. 2023)
		In vitro	0.147 ± 0.028	> 10	Replication	TGEV	(Yang et al. 2017)
		In vitro	–	> 0.2	Replication	TGEV	(Yang et al. 2022a)
Figure 4 (80)	PST2238	In vitro	–	> 10	Attachment	PEDV	(Xiong et al. 2023)
Figure 4 (81)	Pemetrexed acts	In vitro and In vivo	–	> 256	Replication	PEDV	(Zhang et al. 2024b)
Figure 4 (82)	SP2509	In vitro	0.919	4.763	Replication	PEDV	(Zhao et al. 2024)
Figure 4 (83)	Triacetyl resveratrol	In vitro	42.5	> 200	Replication	PEDV	(Wang et al. 2022e)
Figure 4 (84)	Andrographolide	In vitro and In vivo	–	> 50	Replication	PEDV	(He et al. 2024)
Figure 4 (85)	PA-824	In vitro and In vivo	18.4	233.2	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2024b)
Figure 4 (86)	NAD+	In vitro	17.63	184.3	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2024b)
Figure 4 (87)	Lovastatin	In vitro	19.67	115.2	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2024b)
Figure 4 (88)	Hyodeoxycholic acid	In vitro	18.22	174.45	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2024b)
Figure 4 (89)	Rapamycin	In vitro	–	> 0.1	Replication	PEDV	(Ko et al. 2017)
Figure 4 (90)	Homoharringtonine	In vivo	0.112	5.582	Replication	PEDV	(Dong et al. 2018)
		In vitro and In vivo	–	> 1.0	Replication	PEDV	(Li and Wang 2020)
Figure 4 (91)	Hydroxychloroquine	In vitro and In vivo	–	> 100	Replication	PEDV	(Li and Wang 2020)
Figure 4 (92)	Cinchonine	In vitro	–	> 200	Replication	PEDV	(Ren et al. 2022a)
Figure 4 (93)	Erastin	In vitro	–	> 8	Replication	PEDV	(Zhang et al. 2023b)
Figure 4 (94)	(1S,3R)-RSL3	In vitro	–	> 6	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2023b)
Figure 4 (95)	Quercetin7-rhamnoside	In vitro	0.014 μg/mL	> 100 μg/mL	Replication	PEDV	(Song et al. 2011)
Figure 4 (96)	Emodin	In vitro	2.1	> 100	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2021)
		In vitro	–	> 12.5 μg/mL	Attachment, replication	SADS-CoV	(Zheng et al. 2022)
Figure 4 (97)	Gossypol-Acetic acid	In vitro	2.9	> 100	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (98)	Gynostemma Extract	In vitro	2.7	> 100	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (99)	Oridonin	In vitro	3.0	35	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (100)	Licochalcone A	In vitro	4.0	> 100	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (101)	Amphotericin B	In vitro	2.91	> 100	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (102)	Demethylzeylasteral	In vitro	2.37	38.6	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (103)	Tubeimoside I	In vitro	4.21	74.8	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (104)	Harmine hydrochloride	In vitro	1.33	> 100	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (105)	Betulonic acid	In vitro	< 1.25	61.9	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (106)	Ursonic acid	In vitro	2.13	41.0	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (107)	3′-Hydroxypterostilbene	In vitro	4.29	> 100	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (108)	Tannic acid	In vitro	4.37	> 100	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (109)	(E)-Cardamonin	In vitro	2.15	> 100	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (110)	Harmine	In vitro	1.96	> 100	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (111)	Esculetin	In vitro	5.97	> 100	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (112)	Lithocholic acid	In vitro	2.37	> 100	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2021)
		In vitro	–	> 25	Replication	PDCoV	(Kong et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (113)	Nordihydroguaiaretic acid	In vitro	5.00	> 100	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (114)	Efonidipine	In vitro	5.58	> 100	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (115)	Tabersonine hydrochloride	In vitro	4.30	82.6	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (116)	Protoporphyrin IX	In vitro	< 1.25	> 100	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (117)	Proanthocyanidins	In vitro	2.19	> 100	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (118)	Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester	In vitro	1.74	> 100	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (119)	Grape seed Extract	In vitro	2.42	> 100	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (120)	7-Ethylcamptothecin	In vitro	< 1.25	> 100	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (121)	Puerarin	In vivo	–	–	Replication	PEDV	(Wu et al. 2020)
Figure 4 (122)	Magnolol	In vitro	28.21	57.28	Replication	PEDV	(Wang et al. 2023e)
Figure 4 (123)	Ergosterol peroxide	In vitro	–	327.6	Entry, replication, release	PEDV	(Liu et al. 2022)
		In vitro and In vivo	–	> 248	Attachment, entry, replication	PDCoV	(Duan et al. 2021a)
		In vitro and In vivo	–	> 248	Attachment, entry, replication	PDCoV	(Duan et al. 2021b)
		In vivo	–	–	Replication	PDCoV	(Duan et al. 2021c)
Figure 4 (124)	Monolaurin	In vivo	–	–	Replication	PEDV	(Zhang et al. 2021a)
Figure 4 (125)	Ellagic acid	In vitro	–	> 80	Replication	PEDV	(Song et al. 2024)
Figure 4 (126)	Compound 126	In vitro and In vivo	1.89 ± 0.25	> 100	Replication	PEDV	(Chen et al. 2021a)
Figure 4 (127)	Compound 127	In vitro	3.26 ± 0.23	> 100	Replication	PEDV	(Chen et al. 2021a)
Figure 4 (128)	Compound 128	In vitro and In vivo	0.72 ± 0.11	> 100	Replication	PEDV	(Chen et al. 2021a)
Figure 4 (129)	Palmitic acid	In vitro	–	> 50 μmol/L	Replication	PEDV	(Mao et al. 2022)
		In vitro	–	> 200	Replication	PEDV	(Suo et al. 2023)
Figure 4 (130)	Lauric acid	In vitro	–	> 200	Replication	PEDV	(Suo et al. 2023)
		In vitro	–	> 200	Replication	TGEV	(Suo et al. 2023)
Figure 4 (131)	Sodium butyrate	In vitro	–	> 200	Replication	PDCoV	(Suo et al. 2023)
		In vitro	–	> 1000	Replication	PEDV	(He et al. 2023)
Figure 4 (132)	Docosahexaenoic acid	In vitro	–	> 200	Replication	PEDV	(Suo et al. 2023)
		In vitro	–	> 200	Replication	TGEV	(Suo et al. 2023)
		In vitro	–	> 200	Replication	PDCoV	(Suo et al. 2023)
Figure 4 (133)	Eicosapentaenoic acid	In vitro	–	> 200	Replication	PEDV	(Suo et al. 2023)
		In vitro	–	> 200	Replication	TGEV	(Suo et al. 2023)
		In vitro	–	> 200	Replication	PDCoV	(Suo et al. 2023)
Figure 4 (134)	Linoleic acid	In vitro	–	> 50 μg/mL	Replication	PEDV	(Yang et al. 2023b)
Figure 4 (135)	Ribavirin	In vitro	–	> 200	Replication	PEDV	(Kim and Lee 2013)
Figure 4 (136)	2-Deoxy-D-glucose	In vivo	–	> 1.0 × 104	Replication	PEDV	(Wang et al. 2014)
Figure 4 (137)	A77 1726	In vitro	–	> 200	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2020b)
Figure 4 (138)	Formic acid	In vitro	–	1.5869 mg/mL	Replication	PEDV	(Gómez-García et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (139)	Ursonic acid	In vitro	–	> 32	Replication	PEDV	(Yang et al. 2024)
Figure 4 (140)	Panax notoginseng saponins	In vitro	–	> 512 μg/mL	Replication	PEDV	(Hu et al. 2024)
Figure 4 (141)	Salinomycin	In vitro	–	< 20	Entry, replication	PEDV	(Yuan et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (142)	Nicotinamide	In vitro	–	> 2.5 × 103	Replication	PEDV	(Li et al. 2023a)
		In vitro	–	> 500	Replication	PDCoV	(Li et al. 2023a)
Figure 4 (143)	Epigallocatechin-3-gallate	In vitro	14.95	> 100	Attachment, entry, replication, assembly	PEDV	(Huan et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (144)	Ivermectin	In vitro	7.05	25.34	Replication, release	PEDV	(Wang et al. 2023h)
		In vitro	4.63	> 10	Replication	PEDV	(Xu et al. 2024a)
Figure 2 (13)	Berbamine	In vitro and In vivo	177.1	1.789	Replication	PEDV	(Xiang et al. 2024)
Figure 4 (145)	Avermectin B1	In vitro	8.98	219.3	Replication, release	PEDV	(Wang et al. 2023h)
Figure 4 (146)	Doramectin	In vitro	6.26	130.4	Replication, release	PEDV	(Wang et al. 2023h)
Figure 4 (147)	Chenodeoxycholic acid	In vitro	–	> 200	Replication	PDCoV	(Kong et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (148)	Methyl-β-cyclodextrin	In vitro	–	> 3000	Attachment, entry	PDCoV	(Jeon and Lee 2018)
Figure 4 (149)	25-hydroxycholesterol	In vitro	–	> 25	Entry	PDCoV	(Ke et al. 2021)
		In vitro	–	> 100	Attachment, entry	PDCoV	(Zhang et al. 2022a)
Figure 4 (150)	17-AAG	In vitro	0.1426	36.34	Replication	PDCoV	(Zhao et al. 2022)
Figure 4 (151)	VER-82576	In vitro	1.106	41.58	Replication	PDCoV	(Zhao et al. 2022)
Figure 4 (152)	Diammonium glycyrrhizinate	In vitro	–	> 1250 μg/mL	Entry, replication	PDCoV	(Zhai et al. 2019)
Figure 4 (153)	Chlorogenic acid	In vitro	69 ± 11	5598 ± 229	Replication, release	PDCoV	(Shi et al. 2024)
Figure 4 (154)	Compound 154	In vitro	17.34 ± 7.20	> 800	Replication	PDCoV	(Sun et al. 2024a)
Figure 4 (155)	Selenomethionine	In vitro	–	> 16	Replication	PDCoV	(Ren et al. 2022c)
Figure 4 (156)	Curcumin	In vitro	5.979	408	Replication	PDCoV	(Wang et al. 2023f)
		In vitro	–	77.96 ± 1.005	Attachment, entry	TGEV	(Li et al. 2020d)
Figure 4 (157)	Niacin	In vitro	–	> 1 mg/mL	Replication	PDCoV	(Chen et al. 2022a)
Figure 4 (158)	Lycorine	In vitro	–	> 10	Replication	PDCoV	(Fang et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (159)	Resveratrol	In vitro	–	> 10	Replication	PDCoV	(Fang et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (160)	Digitoxin	In vitro	0.373 ± 0.032	> 10	Replication	TGEV	(Yang et al. 2017)
Figure 4 (161)	Oleandrin	In vitro	0.166 ± 0.008	> 10	Replication	TGEV	(Yang et al. 2017)
Figure 4 (162)	AG1024	In vitro	–	> 50	Replication	TGEV	(Yang et al. 2022a).
Figure 4 (163)	All-trans retinoic acid	In vivo	–	> 100	Replication	TGEV	(Pu et al. 2022a)
		In vivo	–	> 100	Replication	TGEV	(Pu et al. 2022a)
Figure 4 (164)	Polygonum Cillinerve polysaccharide	In vitro	–	> 500	Replication	TGEV	(Pan et al. 2021)
		In vivo	–	> 62.5 μg/mL	Replication	TGEV	(Duan et al. 2024a)
Figure 4 (165)	(+)-Catechin	In vitro	–	> 640	Replication	TGEV	(Liang et al. 2015)
Figure 4 (166)	Eugenol	In vitro	–	> 800	Replication	TGEV	(Wang et al. 2022b)
Figure 4 (167)	L-leucine	In vitro	–	> 1.0 × 104	Replication	TGEV	(Du et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (168)	Tyrphostin A9	In vitro	–	> 6.0	Replication	TGEV	(Dong et al. 2020).
Figure 4 (169)	Phlorizin	In vitro	–	> 200	Replication	TGEV	(Yang et al. 2020c)
Figure 4 (170)	2-bromopalmitate	In vitro	–	> 10	Replication	SADS-CoV	(Luo et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (171)	CP-724714	In vitro	0.91 ± 0.18	> 20	Replication	SADS-CoV	(Zhou et al. 2023)
		In vitro	2.13 ± 0.6	> 20	Replication	PEDV	(Zhou et al. 2023)
		In vitro	0.84 ± 0.22	> 80	Replication	PDCoV	(Zhou et al. 2023)
		In vitro	2.53 ± 0.24	> 80	Replication	TGEV	(Zhou et al. 2023)
Figure 4 (172)	Lonafarnib	In vitro	2.378	> 64	Replication	SADS-CoV	(Zhou et al. 2023)
Figure 4 (173)	Sorafenib	In vitro	0.4628	> 64	Replication	SADS-CoV	(Zhou et al. 2023)
Figure 4 (174)	Gemcitabine	In vitro	–	88.48	Replication	SADS-CoV	(Chen et al. 2022c)
Figure 4 (175)	Mycophenolate mofetil	In vitro	–	> 100	Replication	SADS-CoV	(Chen et al. 2022c)
Figure 4 (176)	Mycophenolic acid	In vitro	–	> 100	Replication	SADS-CoV	(Chen et al. 2022c)
Figure 4 (177)	Methylene blue	In vitro	–	> 25	Entry, replication	SADS-CoV	(Chen et al. 2022c)
Figure 4 (178)	LJ001	In vitro	–	146.4	Replication	PDCoV	(Zhang et al. 2020)
		In vitro	–	146.4	Replication	TGEV	(Zhang et al. 2020)
Figure 4 (179)	Melatonin	In vitro	–	> 3 × 103	Replication	PEDV, PDCoV, TGEV	(Zhai et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (180)	Indole	In vitro	–	> 1 × 103	Replication		(Zhai et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (181)	Tryptamine	In vitro	–	> 5 × 102	Replication		(Zhai et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (182)	L- tryptophan	In vitro	–	> 3 × 103	Replication		(Zhai et al. 2021)
Figure 4 (183)	Rifampicin	In vitro	–	> 200	Replication	PEDV	(Wei et al. 2024)
		In vitro	–	> 200	Replication	SADS-CoV	(Wei et al. 2024)

Note: “–”, no data provided.