Table 4.

Drug treatment of PECs infection in piglets.

Drugs	Virus strains	Days of age	Delivery	Infective dose	Drug dose	Therapeutic effect	Ref.
Epimedium koreanum Nakai extract	KPEDV-9 and PEDV sm98	> 4 d	Oral challenge	–, 10 LD50	Basal diet supplemented with 0.6%	E7-treated piglets exhibited no symptoms of disease, including diarrhea, and biopsy results indicated clean intestines.	(Cho et al. 2012)
MYCI	PEDV	3 d	Oral challenge	3 mL, 1 × 103.5 TCID50/ mL	60 mg	MYCI treatment significantly enhanced the average daily weight gain of virus-challenged piglets and mitigated the severe intestinal villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia induced by viral invasion.	(Kim et al. 2015)
Homoharringtonine	PEDV CV777	3 ∼ 5 d	Injected intramuscularly	–, 2 × 103 PFU	0.2 mg/kg	HHT treatment can significantly reduce viral load and alleviate clinical symptoms.	(Dong et al. 2018)
Surfactin	PEDV CV777	1 d	Oral administration	–	20 mg/kg	The survival rate of piglets was 100% (3/3), no obvious pathological damage was observed in the intestines, and no viral genome was detected in the jejunal tissue.	(Yuan et al. 2018)
B. licheniformis‑fermented products	PEDV PT-P6	28 d	Orally challenged	–, 5 × 105 TCID50/ mL	5 kg/ton feed	The clinical symptoms of piglets treated were mild and virus shedding was reduced.	(Peng et al. 2019)
Aloe extract	PEDV GDS01	4 d	Orally challenged	2 mL, 1 × 107 PFU	100 mg/kg	It can reduce the viral load and pathological changes in pig intestines and protect piglets from the fatal challenge of infection by the highly pathogenic PEDV variant GDS01.	(Xu et al. 2020)
Puerarin	PEDV YN15	7 d	Oral administration	3.3 mL, 1 × 104.5 TCID50/ mL	0.5 mg/kg	PR can alleviate the decline in cell proliferation and growth performance of PEDV-infected piglets and has antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects.	(Wu et al. 2020)
		7 d	Oral administration	3.3 mL, 1 × 104.5 TCID50/ mL	0.5 mg/ kg	PR can reduce the incidence of PEDV-infected piglets, enhance anti-inflammatory function, improve antioxidant capacity, enhance the intestinal mucosal barrier, and increase the abundance of beneficial intestinal bacteria.	(Wu et al. 2021)
Phenanthridine Derivatives	PEDV NK-2	1 d	Orally challenged	5 mL,103 MID/mL	50 mg/kg	Treated piglets had reduced intestinal damage, reduced viral load and reduced mortality.	(Chen et al. 2021a)
L. plantarum CQ2017RC	PEDV CV777	3 d	Oral administration	10 mL, 107 PFU/mL	–	It can improve the intestinal morphology of infected piglets and inhibit virus replication in the gastrointestinal tract.	(Huang et al. 2021)
Limosilactobacillus reuteri	PEDV strain JS-2013	21 d	Oral administration	4 mL, 1 × 106 TCID50/ mL	5 mL, 3 × 108 CFU/mL	Effectively alleviated the clinical symptoms and intestinal damage of infected piglets.	(Huang et al. 2023)
Monolaurin (ML)	PEDV Yunnan strain, KT021228	7 d	Orally administrated	–, 1 × 104.5 TCID50/ mL	100 mg/kg	The recovery of intestinal villi in infected piglets following treatment alleviates diarrhea, enhances intestinal function, diminishes viral replication, and exerts anti-inflammatory effects.	(Zhang et al. 2021a)
		7 d	Orally administrated	–, 1 × 104.5 TCID50/ mL	100 mg/kg	ML can facilitate the recovery of piglets following infection by restoring the integrity of the intestinal barrier, enhancing protein utilization efficiency, and boosting the body’s antioxidant capacity and immune defense functions.	(Wang et al. 2023a)
Bacillus subtilis spores (B.s)	PEDV WIV	5 d	Orally administrated	–, 100 μg/dose	109 CFU/test	The treated piglets exhibited improved antiviral immunity.	(Huang et al. 2019)
Buddlejasaponin IVb	PEDV AH-2018-HF1	3 d	Orally administrated	1 mL, 1 × 106 TCID50/ mL	1 mg/kg	The clinical symptoms of piglets were mild, the lung lesions and viral load were basically the same as those in the non-challenged control group, and the levels of intestinal inflammatory factors were also lower.	(Sun et al. 2022)
Cepharanthine	PEDV ZJXS11	3 d	Orally challenged	1 mL, 1 × 102.2 LD50	11.1 mg/kg	Treatment resulted in a reduction of viral load in the intestinal tract of piglets, as well as alleviation of pathological damage.	(Dong et al. 2022)
Hypericum japonicum extract	PEDV G2	8 d	Oral administration	5 mL, l × 105 PFU	1.28 g/kg	HJ can reduce viral titers in the intestines of infected piglets, improve intestinal pathology, and inhibit piglet diarrhea by regulating intestinal flora.	(Rao et al. 2023)
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB)	PEDV GS	7 d	Orally infected	–, 109 copies/pig	109 CFU	After treatment, the inflammatory response of piglets was suppressed, the intestinal barrier and anti-viral immunity were enhanced, and the diarrhea, virus copy number and mortality of infected piglets were reduced.	(Yang et al. 2023a)
Acetic acid produced by lactic acid bacteria.	PEDV	7 d	Feeding	2 mL, 1.0 × 105.25 TCID50/mL	2 g/kg	Piglets in the treatment group can mitigate PEDV infection by enhancing both intestinal barrier function and immune response.	(Sun et al. 2024b)
Octyl gallate (OG)	PEDV strain HM2017	5 d	Orally challenged	3 mL, 1.33 × 106 TCID50/mL	250 mg/kg	None of the piglets died following treatment, and 75% of the infected piglets exhibited significant relief in clinical symptoms, pathological lesions, and viral loads in both the jejunum and ileum.	(Su et al. 2023)
Pemetrexed acts	PEDV-LJX	7 d	Feeding	15 mL, 1.35 × 106 TCID50/mL	0.5 mg/kg	No significant pathological changes were observed in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets, and the intestinal viral load was reduced, which can effectively alleviate diarrhea caused by PEDV.	(Zhang et al. 2024b)
Ellagic acid	PEDV	7 d	Orally administered	1 mL, 1.0 × 106 TCID50/mL	20 mg/kg	EA has been shown to reduce oxidative stress and intestinal inflammation in piglets. It enhances antiviral function by modulating the interferon pathway and concurrently activating JAK2/STAT3 signaling.	(Song et al. 2024)
Lithocholic acid	PEDV CV777	11 d	Orally gavaging	1 mL, 103.5 PFU ml−1	Basal diet supplemented with 0.02%	LCA enhances the expression of SLA-I in porcine intestinal epithelial cells via FXR receptors, subsequently attracting a greater number of CD8+ CTLs to combat PEDV infection.	(Xing et al. 2024)
Licorice extract	PEDV HM2017	4 d	Orally administered	3 mL, 1 × 104.8 TCID50 /mL	250 mg/kg	The survival rate of the treatment group was 80% (4/5), and there was a significant alleviation of clinical symptoms, pathological lesions, and viral loads in the jejunum and ileum.	(Bai et al. 2024)
Lizhong decoction	PEDV- LN-P15	3 d	orally administered	5 mL, 1 × 105.48 TCID50 /mL	1 g/kg	LZD was able to decrease the viral titers in the infected piglets’ intestinal and visceral tissues, ameliorate their intestinal pathology, cause a significant increase in body weight growth and increase the survival rate of piglets by 40% (2/5).	(Chen et al. 2024b)
Hyperoside	PEDV HM2017	3 d	Orally given	2 mL, 1 × 106.125 TCID50/mL	500 mg/kg	The survival rate of PEDV-infected piglets following Hyperoside treatment was 75% (3/4), and there was a significant reduction in viral load.	(Wang et al. 2024a)
Synbiotics	PEDV	26 ± 1 d	Orally administrated	40 mL, 5.6 × 103 TCID50/mL	Basal diet supplemented with 0.1%	Improve pig growth performance, improve innate immune function and reduce viral genome copy number, reduce inflammatory response and intestinal barrier damage.	(Luo et al. 2024)
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG	PEDV	7 d	Orally administrated	3 mL, 1 × 106 TCID50/mL	50 mg/kg	LGG has the potential to improve the intestinal morphology of piglets infected with PEDV, enhance their intestinal antioxidant capacity, and mitigate jejunal mucosal inflammation as well as lipid metabolism disorders.	(Xu et al. 2024b)
Black soldier fly extract	PEDV	7 d	Orally administrated	–, 1 × 106 TCID50/mL	500 mg/kg	BFE can enhance the morphological indicators of intestinal tissue in piglets, mitigate the oxidative stress induced by PEDV infection, and promote the mRNA expression levels of antiviral-related genes in the ileum.	(Yu et al. 2024)
Yeast polysaccharides	PEDV	7 d	Orally administrated	–, 1 × 106 TCID50/mL	20 mg/kg	YP has been shown to inhibit viral replication, improve intestinal morphology, enhance antioxidant capacity, reduce inflammation, and regulate intestinal metabolism in piglets infected with PEDV.	(Li et al. 2024a)
PA-824	PEDV AH-2018-HF1	2 d	Orally administrated	1 mL, 4 × 105 TCID50/mL	50 mg/kg	It can effectively alleviate clinical symptoms, intestinal pathological changes, and inflammatory reactions in piglets, while significantly reducing the viral load in both pig feces and intestinal tissues.	(Li et al. 2024b)
Berbamine	PEDV AH-2018-HF1	3 d	orally administered	10 mL, 1 × 106 TCID50/mL	100 mg/kg	BBM can effectively mitigate intestinal damage caused by PEDV infection in piglets, leading to a reduction in both viral load and cytokine levels, including IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α.	(Xiang et al. 2024)
Benzoic acid	PEDV ZJ08	1 d	orally administered	1 mL, 104 PFU/mL	0.15g	BA promotes the differentiation of intestinal goblet cells by mediating the Wnt/Notch/MAPK pathway, which subsequently enhances the mucus barrier and protects piglets from PEDV.	(Liu et al. 2024b)
Andrographolide	PEDV FS202201	3 d	orally administered	–, 1 × 105 TCID50/mL	10 mg/kg	AND treatment alleviated clinical symptoms, enhanced intestinal integrity, and increased the survival rate of infected piglets by 16.7%.	(He et al. 2024)
Ergosterol peroxide	PDCoV CHN-HN-1601	7 d	Oral administration	5 mL, 1 × 106 TCID50/mL	2.5 mg/kg	EP treatment can reduce the incidence of diarrhea, alleviate intestinal lesions, and reduce viral loads in feces and tissues.	(Duan et al. 2021c)
Niacin	PDCoV CHN-HN-17	28 d	Oral administration	10 mL, 1 × 107 TCID50/mL	40 mg	Niacin could partly alleviate diarrhea, intestinal barrier damages, intestinal immune response and colonic microflora disruption in PDCoV-infected weaned piglets.	(Chen et al. 2022a)
APB-13	TGEV HN-2012	4 d	Oral administration	10 mL, 1 × 108 TCID50/mL	10 g/kg	APB-13 can enhance digestive enzyme activity, improve digestibility, and promote piglet growth performance and survival rates by correcting intestinal microbial disorders.	(Liang et al. 2020)
Eugenol	TGEV TS strain	21 d	Oral administration	–, 2.8 × 109 PFU	400 mg/kg	Reduce pyroptosis of intestinal epithelial cells and reduce intestinal damage in infected piglets.	(Wang et al. 2023d)
Polygonum Cillinerve polysaccharide	TGEV	28 d	Orally administered	15 mL, 1 × 106 TCID50/mL	–	PCP has a cure rate of 50% (4/8).	(Duan et al. 2024a)
Quercetin	SADS-CoV	2 d	Orally administered	10 mL, 5 × 106 TCID50/mL	10 mg/kg	Quercetin has been shown to alleviate clinical symptoms and intestinal pathological damage while also reducing the expression levels of inflammatory factors.	(Feng et al. 2024)

Note: “–”, no data provided.