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. 2024 Nov 4;17:450. doi: 10.1186/s13071-024-06482-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — The effect of adenine nucleotides on prediuresis in Anopheles gambiae. a The percentage of prediuresing individuals, b the volume engorged among prediuresing individuals, and c the average volume prediuresed (c). Lowercase letters indicate the levels of significance within the ligands, with the single and double primes referring specifically to ADP (') and ATP (″) ligands, respectively. The error bars indicate the standard error of the proportion and the volumes engorged and prediuresed. (N = 7–9 replicates, n = 70–90 An. gambiae per replicate). Different lowercase letters indicate a significant difference as determined by pairwise post-hoc tests. Asterisks indicate a significant difference between ligands determined by a two-way analysis of variance at *P < 0.05 and ***P < 0.001. ADP, Adenosine diphosphate; AMP, adenosine monophosphate; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; ns, non-significant