Table-1.

Risk factors analysis of Trypanosoma spp. infection by microscopic examination and Trypanosoma evansi infection by polymerase chain reaction assay in domestic ruminants from Pakistan.

Risk factors	Classes	Microscopic examination			Molecular identification
		Positive/Total	Rate (% ± C.I.1)	p-value	Positive/Total	Rate (% ± C.I.1)	p-value
Ruminant types	Large	35/144	24.31 (0.173–0.313)	0.309	9/144	6.25 (0.028–0.109)	0.736
	Small	18/96	18.75 (0.113–0.261)		5/96	5.21 (0.017–0.119)
Ruminant species	Cattle	9/48	18.75 (0.076–0.298)	0.000*	3/48	6.25 (0.001–0.170)	0.071
	Camel	22/48	45.83 (0.317–0.599)		6/48	12.50 (0.046–0.252)
	Buffalo	4/48	8.33 (0.004–0.161)		0/48	0
	Sheep	9/48	18.75 (0.076–0.298)		1/48	2.08 (0.001–0.109)
	Goat	9/48	18.75 (0.076–0.298)		4/48	8.33 (0.022–0.204)
District	Muzaffargarh	19/80	23.75 (0.151–0.347)	0.908	6/80	7.50 (0.028–0.158)	0.738
	Lodhran	17/80	21.25 (0.129–0.322)		4/80	5.00 (0.013–0.128)
	Bahawalpur	17/80	21.25 (0.129–0.322)		4/80	5.00 (0.013–0.128)
Total		53/240	22.10 (0.166–0.275)		14/240	5.83 (0.0286–0.0880)

¹C.I.=95% confidence interval,

^*Statistically significant, P < 0.05