Table 1.
Demographics and clinical characteristics according to initial COVID‐19 severity grade as well as for the whole sample.
| All N = 74 | Mild n = 24 (32%) | Moderate n = 33 (45%) | Severe n = 17 (23%) | Group effect 1 , 2 P‐value | Comparison 1 versus 2 1 , 3 P‐value | Comparison 1 versus 3 1 , 3 P‐value | Comparison 2 versus 3 1 , 3 P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | ||||||||
| Median age, years (IQR) | 56 (48–65) | 48 (38–55) | 64 (55–73) | 55 (50–65) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.004 | 0.078 |
| Median education, years (IQR) | 13 (11–15) | 14 (12–16) | 12 (11–15) | 12 (11–13) | 0.039 | 0.023 | 0.033 | 0.934 |
| Female sex | 31 (42%) | 17 (71%) | 10 (30%) | 4 (24%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.426 |
| Median BMI at baseline (IQR) | 26 (24–29) | 25 (23–29) | 27 (26–30) | 26 (24–29) | 0.233 | – | – | – |
| Premedical history | ||||||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 26 (35%) | 1 (4%) | 16 (48%) | 9 (53%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.572 |
| Arterial hypertension | 20 (27%) | 1 (4%) | 13 (39%) | 6 (35%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.660 |
| Pulmonary disease | 14 (19%) | 5 (21%) | 6 (18%) | 3 (18%) | 0.914 | – | – | – |
| Endocrinological disease | 30 (40%) | 5 (21%) | 18 (54%) | 7 (41%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.004 | 0.089 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 16 (22%) | 1 (4%) | 12 (36%) | 3 (18%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Diabetes mellitus II | 12 (16%) | 1 (4%) | 8 (24%) | 33 (18%) | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.386 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 4 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (6%) | 2 (12%) | 0.004 | 0.038 | 0.001 | 0.217 |
| Chronic liver disease | 4 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (6%) | 2 (12%) | 0.004 | 0.038 | 0.001 | 0.217 |
| Malignancy | 8 (11%) | 1 (4%) | 6 (18%) | 1 (6%) | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.746 | 0.017 |
| Immunodeficiency | 2 (3%) | 1 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (6%) | 0.939 | – | – | – |
| Pre‐existing neurological diseases 4 | 18 (24%) | 5 (21%) | 9 (27%) | 4 (24%) | 0.699 | – | – | – |
| Treatment and hospital course | ||||||||
| Oxygen | 33 (42%) 5 | 0 (0%) 6 | 17 (52%) | 16 (100%) 6 | ||||
| Mechanical ventilation | 15 (20%) 6 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 15 (94%) 6 | ||||
| Steroids | 12 (17%) 5 | 1 (4%) 6 | 6 (18%) | 5 (31%) 6 | ||||
| Median hospital stay, days (IQR) | – | – | 10 (6–13) | 30 (19–42) | ||||
| Median ICU days (IQR) | – | – | – | 16 (10–24) | ||||
| Functional outcome at 1‐year follow‐up | ||||||||
| Median GOS‐E (IQR) | 8 (7–8) 7 | 8 (7–8) 6 | 8 (7–8) 5 | 7 (7–8) 5 | 0.352 | – | – | – |
| Median mRS (IQR) | 1 (0–1) 7 | 0 (0–1) 6 | 0 (0–1) 5 | 1 (0–1) 5 | 0.571 | – | – | – |
| Hyperferritinemia at 1‐year follow‐up 8 | 12 (21%) | 1 (2%) | 9 (16%) | 2 (4%) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.010 | 0.678 |
Mild, outpatients; Moderate, hospitalized patients, who were not admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU); Severe, ICU‐admitted patients; IQR, interquartile range; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; GOS‐E, Glasgow Outcome Scale‐Extended; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; (−), not applicable.
Sex distributions were compared by means of the chi‐square test (Yates' correction).
The main effect of group was analyzed through Kruskal–Wallis test.
Pairwise group comparisons in variables other than sex distribution were conducted through Mann–Whitney test.
None of these patients had a pre‐existing diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment or dementia; none had a neuropsychological assessment prior to COVID‐19.
Two missing values.
One missing value.
Five missing values.
Serum ferritin levels were determine in 56/74 patients, and hyperferritinemia was defined as serum ferritin levels above 400 μg/L.