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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Nov 5.
Published in final edited form as: ACS Nano. 2024 Jan 8;18(3):1757–1777. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01629

Table 1.

Examples of Biomarkers Used for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 by Nanomaterials-Based Biosensorsa

biological target technique time (min) reference(s)
S and N genes PN 10   24
DPV 120   25
ORF1ab and N genes LSPR 2   26
RdRp LSPR 2   26
S protein EIS 4   27,28
SWV 6.5   29
PN 5   30
N protein DPV and OCP-EIS 10   31
Immunoglobulins G and M antibodies LFIA
DPV and OCP-EIS		 15
10		   32,33
  31
SWV 45   34
a

PN, plasmonic nanoparticles; DPV, differential pulse voltammetry; LSPR, localized surface plasmon resonance; EIS, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; SWV, square wave voltammetry; OCP-EIS, open-circuit potential-electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; LFIA, lateral flow immunoassay. RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.