Table 2.
Comparison of Optically Based Tests Applied for COVID-19 Diagnosis
| method | target | sensitivity (%) | specificity (%) | time (min) | ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fluorescent LFIA using latex microsphere | N protein | 67.15 | 100 | 15 | 124 |
| Colorimetric LFIA using red latex beads | N protein | – | – | 20 | 125 |
| Colorimetric LFIA using AgNP | N protein | 57.6 | 99.5 | 15 | 126 |
| Fluorescent LFIA using silica-core@dual QD-shell nanocomposites | IgM and IgG | 97.37 | 95.54 | 15 | 127 |
| Colorimetric LFIA using AuNP | IgM | 100 | 93.3 | 15 | 128 |
| Fluorescent LFIA using selenium nanoparticles | IgM and IgG | 93.33 | 97.34 | 5 | 129 |
| Fluorescent LFIA using Lanthanide-doped polystyrene nanoparticles | IgG | 100 | 93 | 10 | 130 |
| Colorimetric paper-based RT-LAMP | N gene, RdRp gene, and orf1ab | 97 | 100 | 60 | 131 |
| Fluorescent paper-based RT-LAMP | RdRp gene | – | – | 60 | 113 |
| Fluorescent 3D-printed cartridge RT-LAMP | gene Orf 1a, gene S, gene Orf 8, and gene N | 100 | 100 | <40 | 114 |
| Colorimetric colloidal solution of AuNPs | S, E, and M proteins | 96 | 98 | – | 118 |
| Colorimetric cotton swabs modified with ACE2 and AuNPs | S protein | 96 | 84 | 5 | 30 |
| Colorimetric AuNPs capped with thiol-modified antisense oligonucleotides | N gene | – | – | 10 | 24 |