Table 4.

Treatment options for patients with AC

Treatment	Mechanism of action	Indications and evidence
Statins	Improve endothelial function; anti-inflammatory	Emerging evidence suggests potential benefits in portal hypertension and liver fibrosis management
Human Serum Albumin (HSA)	Oncotic and non-oncotic properties	Reduces renal failure and mortality in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, type 1 HRS, and paracentesis-induced circulatory dysfunction; prolongs survival in uncomplicated ascites with diuretics
S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM)	Methyl donor in all methylation reactions and regulates glutathione synthesis	Did not outperform placebo in treating ALD, suggesting abstinence as a more effective liver function improvement method; currently Phase 2 trial underway
Caffeine/coffee	Antagonizes A2a adenosine receptor; anti-fibrotic	Inverse dose–response relationship with cirrhosis risk; associated with lower liver stiffness and reduced HCC risk
Alcohol cessation interventions	Reduce liver injury	Critical for alcohol-related liver disease; includes behavioral and pharmacotherapy (e.g. naltrexone)
Dietary and lifestyle modifications	Improve overall liver health	Sodium restriction for ascites, nutrition for malnutrition, and exercise to reduce sarcopenia

AC = alcohol-associated cirrhosis.