Table 1.

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural sector (case studies and reports).

Country	Affected parameters	Reference
Myanmar, Southeast Asia	• Delayed land operation	[30]
	• Reduced availability of machines
	• Disruption in input retailers
	• High prices of fertilizers and pesticides
	• Hindered crop traders, difficulty in selling crops due to lower crop prices, poor demand, no buyers
	• Reduced market access, market closure, no means of transportation to markets
	• Decreased export
	• Movement restrictions of farmers
	• Reduced farm household income
Burkina Faso	• Decreased availability and supply of agriculture input (seed and fertilizer)	[31]
	• Disruption in the availability of agricultural workers and off-farm income-generating activities
	• Low producer prices for cottonseed and disruptions in transportation (from villages to ginning plants)
	• Socioeconomic impacts, including lower farm and nonfarm incomes
Central and Southern Africa	• The regional agricultural production season was not significantly affected by COVID-19	[32]
	• Planting for the 2020 main season started well before the COVID-19 outbreak
	• The harvest was ongoing by the time movement restrictions that were adopted
Somalia	• Lack of income to hire labour and buy seeds and fertilizer	[33]
	• Marketing difficulties due to low prices and demand and high transportation costs
	• The overall incomes had decreased compared to the same time the previous year
	• Farm households involved in nonfarm activities were more likely to report income declines than households involved in cropping, livestock or agricultural labour
Sudan	• Movement and other restrictions affected the agricultural value chain (from producers to consumers)	[34]
	• Farm and agropastoral communities are among the most affected population groups
Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi and the United Republic of Tanzania	• A decrease in their participation in farming and other business activities	[35]
	• Severe disruptions to local labour markets
Kenya	• Difficult access to inputs	[36]
	• The workers' movement across the borders was facilitated with special permits
South Africa	• Labour shortages in the farming sector during the harvesting	[37]
	• Period, these challenges did not significantly reduce the expected maize output
Northern Thailand	• COVID-19 negatively affected the daily lives of the farmers	[38]
	• COVID-19 increased the cost of planting and the cost of agrochemicals and fertilizers
	• It also decreased the prices of agricultural products and agricultural extensions
	• The markets and logistics of agricultural products during the pandemic were more difficult than before
	• Half of the farmers had moderate stress
	• The loss of household income increased household expenses
India	• Change in overall prices of agricultural commodities	[39]
	• Decrease in the availability of agricultural inputs
	• Difficulties in marketing and selling of agricultural production
Karamoja, Uganda	• Marked decrease in land cultivated	[40]
	• Rise in the cost of agricultural inputs