Table 1.

Basic research characteristics.

Author, year	Data from	Study type	Time	Age	Female (%)	Case	Total	Bmi	Follow-up time	Dietary assessment mode	Diet type	Outcome	Adjust
Dong D Wang, 2022	MVP	Cohort study	2011–2018	65.5	8.1	31,316	315,919	/	4 year	SFFQ	PDI hPDI uPDI	All mortality, CVD mortality, cancer mortality, other mortality	Age (years: < 60, 60–70, > 70) and sex (male or female); race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic European American, African American or other), education level (≤ high school or GED, some colleague, or college or above), income level (< $30,000, $30,000–$59,000 or ≥ $60000)and marriage status (currently married or not), smoking status (current, former or never smoking), frequency of alcohol consumption (never, < 1 times/week or ≥ 1 times/week), frequency of exercise vigorously (never/rarely, 1–4 times/month,2–4 times/week or ≥ 5 times/week), total energy intake (in quintiles) and BMI (< 23.0, 23.0–24.9, 25.0–29.9, 30.0–34.9 or ≥ 35.0 kg/m2).histories of diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, cancer and CVD at baseline (yes vs. no).
Hairong Li, 2022	The US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).	Cohort study	1999–2014	47.3	/	4,904	40,074	/	7.8 year	24-h dietary assessment	PDI hPDI uPDI	All mortality, CVD mortality, cancer mortality	Sex (male, female), age (spline variables in the analyses with three knots), and total energy intake (spline variables in the analyses with three knots); race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic or other race), education (≤12th grade, high school graduate/GED or equivalent, or more than high school), marital status (married, widowed/divorced/separated, or never married), ratio of family income to poverty (<1.30, 1.30–3.49, or ≥ 3.50), physical activity (<8.3, 8.3–16.7, or > 16.7 METS h/week), smoking (never smokers, former smokers, or current smokers), drinking (never drinking, low to moderate drinking, heavy drinking), body mass index (<18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25.0–29.9, and ≥ 30.0), diabetes (no, yes), hypertension (no, yes), other CVDs (no, yes), and cancer (no, yes)
Hui Chen, 2022	CLHLS	Cohort study	2008–2018	86.9	57.4	8,937	13,154	20.3	5.7 year	FFQ	PDI hPDI uPDI	All mortality	Age (years), sex (male or female), ethnicity (Han or non-Han), residential area (urban or rural), marital status (married, not married or bereaved), household income (low, medium or high), education (years), smoking status (former smoker, current smoker or never smoker), alcohol intake (former drinker, current drinker or never drinker), regular exercise (yes or no) and baseline BMI (kg m−2).
Hyunju Kim, 2019	ARIC study Coordinating Center	Cohort study	1987–2016	53.8	55.2	5,436	12,168	/	25 year	The 66‐item semi-quantitative Willett food frequency questionnaire	PDI hPDI uPDI	All mortality, CVD mortality	Age, sex, race‐center, total energy intake, education, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and margarine consumption
Ijeamaka C. Anyene, 2021	The Pathways Study	Cohort study	2005–2013	60	100%	653	3,646	28	9.51 year	Block 2005 Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ)	PDI hPDI uPDI	All mortality, breast-cancer-specific mortality	Age at diagnosis, total energy intake (kcal/d), and physical activity (moderate-vigorous MET-hours/week); race/ethnicity, education, menopausal status, smoking status, and stratified by tumor stage and ER status
Ilka Ratjen, 2021	The Biobank popgen	Cohort study	2004–2016	69	44%	204	1,404	26.2	7 year	FFQ	PDI hPDI uPDI	All mortality	Sex, age at diet assessment, BMI, physical activity, survival time from CRC diagnosis until diet assessment, tumor location, metastases, other cancer, type of therapy, smoking status, alcohol intake, total energy intake, time × age, time × BMI, and time × metastases.
Jihye Kim, 2021	A population-based cohort in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study_Health Examinees	Cohort study	2004–2019	52.7	65%	3,074	118,577	23.9	/	Semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)	PDI hPDI uPDI	All mortality, CVD mortality, cancer mortality	Age (continuous), sex (men/women), education (≤6, 7e12, >12 years), smoking status (never/former/current), alcohol consumption (never/former/current), energy intake (continuous), physical activity (yes/no), body mass index (continuous), and disease history (yes/no).
Leah J Weston, 2022	Jackson Heart Study (JHS)	Cohort study	2000–2018	53.8	64	597	3,635	31.75	15 year	Delta NIRI FFQ	PDI hPDI uPDI	All mortality	Age, sex, and total energy intake. educational attainment, smoking status, alcohol intake, margarine intake, and physical activity, body mass index, total cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hormone replacement therapy medication use, and statin medication use.
Lihui Zhou, 2024	UK Biobank	Cohort study	2006–2010	55.99	54.30%	9,335	189,003	26.87	9.6 year	The Oxford WebQ dietary questionnaire	PDI hPDI uPDI	All mortality, Cardiovascular (I), Ischemic heart disease (I20–I25) cancer mortality, Neoplasm (C00-C49), Hematopoietic (C80-97), Respiratory (J), Neurological (G), Mortality	Age, menopausal status or hormone replacement use in females, ethnicity, education, and quintiles of the Townsend deprivation index, familial history of diseases (CVD, diabetes or cancers); smoking status, alcohol drinking frequency, body mass index, physical activity, sedentary time, total dietary energy intake, multivitamin supplement use, and the Charlson Comorbidity Index with the lowest quintiles as references
M Delgado-Velandia, 2022	ENRICA, the National Death Index of Spain	Cohort study	2008–2020	47	54.50%	699	11,825	26.94	10.9 year for Mortality 9.8 year for CVD mortality	Electronic diet history (HD-ENRICA)	hPDI uPDI	All mortality, CVD mortality	Age (years), sex (men, women), and education (≤primary, secondary, and university), smoking status (never, former, and current smoker), body mass index (kg/m2), energy intake (kcal/day), alcohol intake (never drinker, former drinker, moderate alcohol intake, excessive alcohol intake), recreational physical activity (tertiles), number of chronic diseases (continuous), and number of medications taken (continuous).
Qian Wang, 2023	At the Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University	Cohort study	2018–2021	61.1	30.64	240	408	22.7	40.97 months	Semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)	PDI hPDI uPDI	All mortality	Adjusted for age at diagnosis (≥60, <60 years), sex (male, female) and total energy intake (continuous, kcal/d). Additionally adjusted for race(Han, others), region (city, rural), education (junior secondary school or below, senior high school/technical secondary school, junior college/university or above), income per month (<5,000, 5,000–10,000, ≥10,000 RMB), marital status (married, unmarried/divorced/widowed), smoking status (yes, no), alcohol intake (continuous, g/d), diet change (yes, no), BMI (continuous, kg/m2), physical activity (MET-hours per week), histological type (small cell lung cancer, non-small lung cancer), AJCC stage (I–II, III–IV), comorbidities (yes, no), surgery (yes, no), chemotherapy (yes, no), radiotherapy (yes, no), targeted treatment (yes, no), and immunotherapy (yes, no).
Saira Amir, 2024	The CRIC Study	Cohort study	2003–2008	58	52.3	836	2,539	31.9	12 year	The National Cancer Institute Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ)	PDI hPDI uPDI	All mortality	Clinical site, age, sex, race, education, income, total energy intake, physical activity, smoking status, and alcohol use. Obesity status (categorical variable with cut off at 30 kg/m2), kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate), 24-hour urinary protein, diabetes, hypertension, history of cardiovascular disease, and use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers.
Zhilei Shan, 2023	NHS	Cohort study	1984–2020	50.2	100	31,263	75,230	/	36 year	Semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)	hPDI	All mortality, Cardiovascular disease, Heart disease, Stroke, Cancer, Respiratory disease, Neurodegenerative disease	Multivariable analysis was adjusted for age, calendar year, race and ethnicity (NHS: Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White, or other; HPFS, Black, White, or other), marriage status (married; divorced, separated, or single; or widowed), living status (alone or not alone), family history of myocardial infarction (yes or no), family history of diabetes (yes or no), family history of cancer (yes or no), menopausal status (pre- or postmenopausal [never, past, or current menopausal hormone use]; NHS only), multivitamin use (yes or no), aspirin use (yes or no), total energy intake (quintile), smoking status (never, former, or current smoker [1–14, 15–24, or ≥ 25 cigarettes/d]), alcohol drinking (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–14.9, 15.0–19.9, 20.0–29.9, or ≥ 30 g/d), physical activity (quintile), history of hypertension (yes or no), history of hypercholesterolemia (yes or no), and body mass index (<21, 21–24.9, 25–29.9, 30–34.9, or ≥ 35 [calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared]).
	HPFS	Cohort study	1986–2020	53.3	0	22,900	44,085	/	34 year	Semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)
Jihye Kim, 2024	MEC	Cohort study	1993–2019	59	/	65,087	144,729	Men 26.6 Women 26.2	21.3 year	QFFQ	PDI hPDI uPDI	All mortality, CVD mortality, cancer mortality	Age at cohort entry, race and ethnicity, education, marital status, history of diabetes, body mass index, smoking status, pack-years of cigarette, physical activity, menopausal hormone therapy use for women only, alcohol consumption, and total energy intake

The extracted research topics, first authors, data sources, study types, study periods, demographic characteristics of participants (age, sex, quantity, and BMI), follow-up time, dietary assessment methods, study outcomes (types of mortality), adjusted HR or RR and the adjusted variables for each outcome were analysed.