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. 2024 Sep 30;27(11):2115–2129. doi: 10.1038/s41593-024-01769-2

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 6 — (a) CellphoneDB analyses reveal stage-dependent communications via ligand-receptor pairs between CD45⁺ subtypes and CD31⁺ endothelial subtypes at GW14-19 and GW20-23. (b) NicheNet analyses predict signaling pathways used by homeostatic microglia (c1a), HLA⁺ myeloid cells, monocytes, and VAM to interact with endothelial subtypes at GW14-19 and GW20-23. Data from panels a and b are from 2 independent biological samples at GW14-19, and 3 independent biological samples at GW20-23. ENDO, endothelial cells. MG, microglia. (c) Quantification of average and total endothelial branch lengths formed by HUVEC in Matrigel-based assays. The conditions include EGM-2 media alone or addition of VEGF or IGF1, which is one of the ligands used by CD45⁺ cells identified by NicheNet. Statistics use two-tailed, unpaired Student’s t-test, data represent mean ± SEM. The P values represent comparisons between HUVECs treated with VEGF or IGF1 vs no treatment. Not significant comparisons are not shown. n indicates the number of independent biological samples used for quantification.