TABLE 4.
Potential therapeutic approaches targeting chondrocyte autophagy for OA.
|
Type |
Name | Vector | Model | Target | Method of administration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drug therapy | Rapamycin (Bao et al., 2020) | Cationic liposome–incorporating HMs | ACLT and DMM-induced rat OA models | mTOR | Intra-Articular Injection |
| Epigallocatechin 3-Gallate (Huang et al., 2020) | Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) | ACLT-induced rat OA models | mTOR | Intra-Articular Injection | |
| Artemisin (Li et al., 2022) | Normal saline | DMM-induced rat OA models | TNFSF11; PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis | Intra-Articular Injection | |
| Four-octyl itaconate (Pan et al., 2022) | Normal saline | DMM-induced rat OA models | PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis | Oral administration | |
| Sodium butyrate (Zhou et al., 2021) | Normal saline | ACLT-induced mouse OA models | PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis | Oral administration | |
| Mulberroside A (Lu et al., 2023) | PEG300 | DMM-induced mouse OA models | MAPK/NF-κB/PI3K-AKT-mTOR axis | Intra-Articular Injection | |
| Metformin (Xu et al., 2024a) | Normal saline | ACLT and DMM-induced rat OA models | PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis | Oral administration | |
| Shikimic acid (You et al., 2021) | Normal saline | ACLT-induced rat OA models | MAPK/NF-κB axis | Intra-Articular Injection | |
| Alantolactone (Pei et al., 2021) | 20% SBE-β-CD + DMSO + Normal saline | DMM-induced mouse OA models | STAT3; NF-κB signal pathways | Intra-Articular Injection | |
| Inactivated Lactobacillus (Cho et al., 2022) | 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose | MIA induced rat OA models | The gut environment and autophagic flux | Oral administration | |
| Exercise therapy | Moderate-intensity exercise (Li et al., 2021) | NA | MIA induced rat OA models | P2X7/AMPK/mTOR axis | Treadmill exercise |
| Gene therapy | Negative ncRNAs (MiR-128a) (Lian et al., 2018) | Lentiviral vector | ACLT-induced rat OA models | Atg12 | Intra-Articular Injection |
| Positive ncRNAs (miR-199a-3p) (Zhao et al., 2023b) | MSCsSC-Exos | DMM-induced mouse OA models | mTOR | Intra-Articular Injection | |
| Stem cell therapy | Allogeneic ADSCs | PBS | ACLT and DMM-induced rat OA models | miR-7-5p/ATG4A | Intra-Articular Injection |
| An equal proportionate mixture of human ADSCs and SDSCs (Wu et al., 2024) | PBS | pMMx- induced nude rats OA models | FOXO1 signaling pathway | Intra-Articular Injection | |
| USCs (Xu et al., 2024b) | PBS | ACLT-induced rat OA models | Unclear | Intra-Articular Injection |