Table 1.
Salmonella virulence effector targeting the host pyroptosis.
| Effectors | Localization | Biochemical Activity | Functions | Host Target | Can it cause pyroptosis | Interaction mechanism with pyroptosis | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AvrA | SPI-1 | Acetyltransferase | Regulate the inflammatory response, inhibit the activation of caspase-3 and apoptosis | JNK, MAPK, | ? | (44–49) | |
| SipB | SPI-1 | Translocator | Induce apoptosis by activating caspase-8 and caspase-3 | Caspase-4 | √ | Activate pyroptosis by activating caspase-4 in human intestinal epithelial cells | (50–52) |
| SopB | SPI-1 | Phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase | Promote the survival of Salmonella in macrophages and B cells | Akt-YAP | √ | Inhibit the pyroptosis of intestinal epithelial cells | (53–57) |
| SopE | SPI-1 | Guanine nucleotide exchange factor | Mediate changes in the membrane skeleton structure of host cells | Rac-1, Cdc-42 | ? | (58, 59) | |
| SopF | SPI-1 | Target phosphoinositide on host cell membrane | Inhibit the activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3, and promote MLKL phosphorylation | PDK-1, RSK | √ | Activate Pyroptosis, Apoptosis, Necroptosis of intestinal epithelial cells | (60, 61) |
| PrgH | SPI-1 | Activate the inflammasome in chickens to regulate the inflammatory response | NLRP3, Caspase-1 | ? | Unknow if it can activate GSDMD | (62) | |
| HilA | SPI-1 | Transcription activator of the OmpR/ToxR family | Upregulation of SPI-1 gene expression promotes macrophage pyroptosis | SPI-1 gene | √ | Activate macrophage pyroptosis by promoting of SPI-1 gene expression | (63–65) |
| QSec | SPI-1 | Membrane bound histidine sensor kinase | Regulate the expression of some virulence genes of Salmonella | flhD, flhC, sifA, sopB | √ | Inhibit excessive pyroptosis of macrophages by regulating the expression of some virulence genes | (66) |
| SseL | SPI-2 | Deubiquitinase activity | Suppress NF-κB activation and impairs IκBα ubiquitination and degradation in macrophages | IκBα | ? | (67) | |
| SpiC | SPI-2 | Participate in the expression of fliC Activate MAPK signaling pathway, and SOCS-3 expression Inhibit inflammatory response |
MAPK, SOCS-3 | ? | (68) | ||
| SpvB | pSLT plasmid | ADP ribosyl transferase | Inhibit the expression of mtROS and inflammasomes | NLRP3, NLRC4, Caspase-1, GSDMD | √ | Induce delayed pyroptosis of macrophages through classical pathways | (69–72) |
| SpvC | pSLT plasmid | Phosphothreonine lyase | Inhibit macrophage pyroptosis and suppress CXCL-2, CXCL-3, and CXCR-2 released by macrophages | MAPK, NLRP3, Caspase-1, GSDMD | √ | Activate the pyroptosis classical pathway through the MAPK signaling pathway | (73–75) |
| FepE | O-antigen | Encode very long O antigen chain | Encode very long LPS O antigen chain in Salmonella Paratyphi A | Caspase-4 | √ | Inhibit macrophages pyroptosis by suppressing caspase-4 | (65, 76) |
| FliC,FljB | Flagella | Activate NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome | NAIP/NLRC4 | √ | Activate macrophages pyroptosis by NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome | (77–81) | |
| YdiV | Flagella | Negative regulatory factor of FlhD4C2 | Participate in the expression of fliC | fliC | √ | Inhibit macrophage pyroptosis by supressing the expression of fliC | (82–85) |
| SiiD | SPI-4 | Inhibit the production of mtROS and the formation of ASC | mtROS | ? | (86, 87) | ||
| GalE | Encode a UDP glucose-4-epimerase | Inhibit of inflammasome activation in macrophages | NLRP3 | ? | (88, 89) | ||
| DinJ | Encode Salmonella Type II Toxin-antitoxin system (TA) | Inhibit of inflammasome activation in macrophages | NLRP3 | ? | (90, 91) |
The symbol “√” indicates that it can cause pyroptosis. The symbol “?” indicates unknown that means we don't know whether it can cause pyroptosis.