Table 2.

Empirical studies on succession plans in education.

Author(s)	Country	Findings	Implications
Luna (2012)	USA	The study identifies an impending leadership crisis in American higher education due to many senior administrators approaching retirement age.	The article emphasizes the need for higher education institutions to develop and implement comprehensive succession plans to ensure a smooth transition of leadership roles.
Barton (2019)	USA	The study emphasizes the critical importance of succession planning in Christian higher education to ensure organizational continuity and stability during leadership transitions.	The study’s implications could include policy recommendations for governing boards and administrative bodies to institutionalize succession planning processes, making them an integral part of the institution’s strategic planning efforts.
Raby and Valeau (2021)	USA	The study identifies a significant need for position-specific training programs tailored to the unique requirements of community college international education leaders.	The study advocates for implementing robust succession planning models within community colleges to ensure a pipeline of well-prepared leaders ready to take on international education roles.
Phillips (2021)	Georgia	The study found the current state of succession planning in nursing education revealing a lack of structured and formalized processes in many institutions.	The study advocates for implementing structured succession planning programs in nursing education, including clear pathways for career advancement and leadership roles.
Ghazali et al. (2023)	Malaysia	The study focuses on validating a scale designed to measure employee competencies specifically relevant to succession planning for administrators in higher education institutions.	The article emphasizes the need for continuous evaluation and refinement of the scale based on feedback and changing organizational needs, ensuring its ongoing relevance and effectiveness.