Table 1.

Domains of zero trust model and medical error prevention.

Domains	Zero trust model (ZTM)	Medical error prevention and patient safety	Examples
Identity	Data access, specification of roles	•Important for designations, duties, roles, and responsibilities •Encouraging teamwork—Promoting psychological safety	•Timeouts before any procedures in the OR •Using Team- STEPPS framework—for unit-based teamwork on medical and surgical floors
Devices	Multi-Factor authentication Phishing resistance	•Modules and EHR training •Interface remodeling •BYOD-Bring your device policies and secure VPNs •Continuous validation and approval processes •Error prevention in entry and scanning—human design and systems thinking and remodeling	•Badges with Unique IDs •Second-factor authentications •Barcode scanning at the bedside •Updating hardware/devices •Ergonomic approach
Networks	Network segmentation, Traffic encryption, and management	•Interdisciplinary access and contributions from multi-disciplinary teams.	•Interfaces for different specialties and departments
Applications and workloads	Application threat protections, Secure application development and deployment workflow, application security testing	•Third-party access utilizations, validation, and approval process with constant updates •Failure Mode and Effect Analysis	•Quality Improvement projects and system improvement workflows •Scheduled IT and software updates with notifications and memos •Hardware maintenance updates with backup plans
Data	Data availability, access, encryption, categorization	•Dashboards and accessibility of near misses and adverse events •Morbidity, Mortality, and Improvement updates •Quality Improvement Projects with status updates	•Department-specific roles and designations for entry and safeguards •Patient safety dashboards •Health Informatics oversight