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. 2024 Oct 10;17(5):369–383. doi: 10.1007/s12195-024-00821-2

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© The Author(s) 2024

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Fig. 2 — Schematic representation of invasion probability determination. For each input image, a binary classifier calculates the probability of invasion, with a probability greater than or equal to 0.5 indicating that the sample is classified as "Invaded." Invasion depth is then calculated as the distance between the top z plane and the deepest Z-plane with invasion.