Table 1. Baseline characteristics and comparison of characteristics according to ratio of RVGLS/PASP.
| Characteristics | Total (n=2,865) | RVGLS/PASP ratio | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤0.32 (n=1,535) | >0.32 (n=1,330) | ||||
| Baseline clinical characteristics | |||||
| Male sex | 1,449 (50.6) | 813 (53.0) | 636 (47.8) | 0.006 | |
| Age (years) | 71.1±13.5 | 70.6±13.9 | 71.7±13.0 | 0.020 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.28±4.10 | 23.3±4.3 | 23.3±3.8 | 0.964 | |
| NYHA functional class IV (%) | 1,216 (43.0) | 675 (44.3) | 541 (41.5) | 0.137 | |
| Physical examination | |||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 129.0±27.6 | 127.4±26.9 | 130.1±28.3 | 0.002 | |
| DBP (mmHg) | 74.4±17.1 | 74.9±17.3 | 73.9±17.0 | 0.142 | |
| Heart rate (/min) | 89.4±25.5 | 95.0±25.9 | 83.0±23.3 | <0.001 | |
| Past medical history | |||||
| AF | 965 (33.8) | 640 (41.7) | 325 (24.6) | <0.001 | |
| Hypertension | 1,790 (62.5) | 935 (60.9) | 855 (64.3) | 0.063 | |
| DM | 993 (34.7) | 544 (35.4) | 449 (33.8) | 0.365 | |
| IHD | 926 (32.3) | 447 (29.1) | 479 (36.0) | <0.001 | |
| Laboratory findings | |||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.2±2.3 | 12.3±2.4 | 12.1±2.2 | <0.001 | |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 26.3±17.0 | 27.5±18.2 | 24.8±15.4 | <0.001 | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.53±1.66 | 1.56±1.74 | 1.48±1.57 | 0.200 | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 152.5±42.5 | 147.1±41.5 | 158.8±44.9 | <0.001 | |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 9,725±11,580 | 12,132±12,885 | 7,279±9,497 | <0.001 | |
| Echocardiographic findings | |||||
| LVEDD (mm) | 53.2±9.5 | 54.6±9.9 | 51.6±8.9 | <0.001 | |
| LVESD (mm) | 40.9±11.6 | 43.01±11.9 | 38.4±10.8 | <0.001 | |
| LVEDV (mL) | 117.5±62.1 | 128.0±68.3 | 106.0±52.1 | <0.001 | |
| LVESV (mL) | 76.3±54.9 | 87.8±60.5 | 63.7±44.7 | <0.001 | |
| LVEF (%) | 40.2±15.6 | 36.7±15.5 | 41.3±14.9 | <0.001 | |
| LA diameter (mm) | 45.4±9.6 | 47.7±9.7 | 42.7±8.7 | <0.001 | |
| Mitral E-velocity (m/sec) | 0.91±0.36 | 1.01±0.37 | 0.81±0.32 | <0.001 | |
| Mitral A-velocity (m/sec) | 0.76±0.31 | 0.67±0.31 | 0.82±0.29 | 0.404 | |
| E′ velocity (cm/sec) | 5.2±2.2 | 5.2±2.1 | 5.3±2.2 | 0.105 | |
| E/E′ ratio | 19.3±10.6 | 21.6±11.1 | 16.8±8.4 | <0.001 | |
| PASP (mmHg) | 41.9±14.3 | 50.7±15.3 | 35.3±10.3 | <0.001 | |
| RVFAC (%) | 37.9±14.8 | 32.1±14.4 | 43.1±13.1 | <0.001 | |
| RVGLS (%) | 12.6±6.2 | 8.7±4.2 | 17.0±4.9 | <0.001 | |
| RVGLS/PASP ratio | 0.34±0.21 | 0.18±0.08 | 0.51±0.18 | <0.001 | |
| Definition of HF | <0.001 | ||||
| HFrEF | 1,515 (52.9) | 960 (62.5) | 555 (41.7) | ||
| HFmrEF | 447 (15.6) | 200 (13.0) | 247 (18.6) | ||
| HFpEF | 903 (31.5) | 375 (24.4) | 528 (39.7) | ||
| Medication at discharge | |||||
| RAAS-inhibitor | 2,066 (72.1) | 1,074 (70.0) | 992 (74.6) | 0.007 | |
| Beta-blocker | 1,836 (64.3) | 951 (62.0) | 885 (66.5) | 0.011 | |
| MRA | 1,393 (48.6) | 767 (50.0) | 626 (47.1) | 0.125 | |
Continuous variables are presented as means ± standard deviation and categorical variables as frequencies.
RVGLS = right ventricular global longitudinal strain; PASP = pulmonary arterial systolic pressure; BMI = body mass index; NYHA = New York Heart Association; SBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; AF = atrial fibrillation; DM = diabetes mellitus; IHD = ischemic heart disease; BUN = blood urea nitrogen; NT-proBNP = N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; LVEDD = left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LVESD = left ventricular end-systolic dimension; LVEDV = left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESV = left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; LA = left atrial; RVFAC = right ventricular fractional area change; HF = heart failure; HFrEF = heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFmrEF = heart failure with mildly-reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; RAAS = renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; MRA = mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist.