Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the study participants.
| Variables | No varicose veins | Varicose veins | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 8,318) | (n = 2,975) | ||
| Breathing difficulty, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||
| No | 5,746 (69.08) | 1,698 (57.08) | |
| Moderate | 1,954 (23.49) | 907 (30.49) | |
| Severe | 618 (7.43) | 370 (12.44) | |
| Hypotension, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||
| No | 5,843 (70.25) | 1,826 (61.38) | |
| Moderate | 2,001 (24.06) | 857 (28.81) | |
| Severe | 474 (5.70) | 292 (9.82) | |
| Gender, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||
| Women | 4,579 (55.05) | 2,449 (82.32) | |
| Men | 3,739 (44.95) | 526 (17.68) | |
| Vegetarian diet, n (%) | 0.0440 | ||
| No | 7,461 (89.70) | 2,629 (88.37) | |
| Yes | 857 (10.30) | 346 (11.63) | |
| Age, n (%) | 0.0176 | ||
| Age <50 (ref) | 4,134 (49.70) | 1,554 (52.24) | |
| 50≤ Age ≤70 | 4,184 (50.30) | 1,421 (47.26) | |
| Cigarette smoking, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||
| No | 6,537 (78.59) | 2,692 (90.49) | |
| Yes | 1,781 (21.41) | 283 (9.51) | |
| Alcohol intake, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||
| No | 7,550 (90.77) | 2,837 (95.36) | |
| Yes | 768 (9.23) | 138 (4.64) | |
| Exercise, n (%) | 0.0003 | ||
| No | 4,814 (57.87) | 1,834 (61.65) | |
| Yes | 3,504 (42.13) | 1,141 (38.35) | |
| BMI categories, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||
| Normal weight (18.5 ≤ BMI < 24 kg/m2) | 4,002 (48.11) | 1,688 (56.74) | |
| Underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) | 231 (2.78) | 80 (2.69) | |
| Overweight (24 ≤ BMI < 27 kg/m2) | 2,381 (28.62) | 748 (25.14) | |
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2) | 1,704 (20.49) | 459 (15.43) | |
| Education level n, % | 0.0809 | ||
| Elementary and below | 387 (4.65) | 125 (4.20) | |
| Junior and senior school | 3,291 (39.56) | 1,244 (41.82) | |
| University and above | 4,640 (55.78) | 1,606 (53.98) | |
| Job type n, % | <0.0001 | ||
| Non-prolonged standing | 3,307 (39.76) | 1,058 (35.56) | |
| Prolonged standing | 5,011 (60.24) | 1,917 (64.44) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||
| No | 6,679 (80.30) | 2,568 (86.32) | |
| Yes | 1,639 (19.70) | 407 (13.68) | |
| Diabetes | <0.0001 | ||
| No | 7,542 (90.67) | 2,793 (93.88) | |
| Yes | 776 (9.33) | 182 (6.12) |