Table 2.
Parasite indices (prevalence, intensity, and abundance) of hard-bodied ticks in one-humped camel according to intrinsic variables (i.e. host population and farming characteristics) extrinsic factors (i.e. environmental variables) in drylands of Algeria. (N: sample size (camels), P%: prevalence; IM: average intensity, AB: abundance); vegetation types: (AA: Astragalus armatus, AP: Aristida pungens, HA: Hammada articulata, LS: Lygeum spartum, ST: Stipa tenacissima).
| Variables | Categories | N |
H. dromedarii |
H. impeltatum |
H. excavatum |
All species |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P% | IM | AB | P% | IM | AB | P% | IM | AB | P% | IM | AB | |||
| Camel sex | Male | 61 | 55.7 | 4.4 | 2.4 | 41.0 | 3.4 | 1.4 | 13.1 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 70.5 | 5.7 | 4.0 |
| Female | 225 | 42.7 | 4.2 | 1.8 | 36.9 | 3.7 | 1.4 | 8.4 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 53.3 | 6.1 | 3.3 | |
| Camel coat color | Beige | 102 | 29.4 | 5.2 | 1.5 | 24.5 | 4.2 | 1.0 | 3.9 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 40.2 | 6.5 | 2.6 |
| Brown | 164 | 56.7 | 4.1 | 2.3 | 48.2 | 3.5 | 1.7 | 12.2 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 70.1 | 5.9 | 4.2 | |
| White | 20 | 35.0 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 20.0 | 3.8 | 0.8 | 15.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 35.0 | 4.3 | 1.5 | |
| Camel age class [year] | [0–2[ | 68 | 48.5 | 4.5 | 2.2 | 38.2 | 3.8 | 1.4 | 10.3 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 58.8 | 6.4 | 3.8 |
| [2–4[ | 70 | 35.7 | 3.6 | 1.3 | 34.3 | 4.1 | 1.4 | 4.3 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 50.0 | 5.5 | 2.7 | |
| [4–7[ | 70 | 42.9 | 4.4 | 1.9 | 37.1 | 3.7 | 1.4 | 8.6 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 51.4 | 6.6 | 3.4 | |
| [7–10[ | 40 | 45.0 | 4.0 | 1.8 | 32.5 | 2.8 | 0.9 | 10.0 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 55.0 | 5.3 | 2.9 | |
| [10−21] | 38 | 55.3 | 5.2 | 2.9 | 42.1 | 3.9 | 1.7 | 10.5 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 71.1 | 6.6 | 4.7 | |
| Camel farming system | Extensive | 50 | 80.0 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 74.0 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 18.0 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 98.0 | 4.4 | 4.3 |
| Mixed | 142 | 52.8 | 5.2 | 2.7 | 44.4 | 4.2 | 1.9 | 8.5 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 69.7 | 6.7 | 4.7 | |
| Intensive | 94 | 16.0 | 3.7 | 0.6 | 8.5 | 4.8 | 0.4 | 6.4 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 16.0 | 6.5 | 1.0 | |
| Steppe rangeland type | AA | 63 | 39.7 | 6.6 | 2.6 | 25.4 | 4.7 | 1.2 | 6.3 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 49.2 | 7.9 | 3.9 |
| AP | 79 | 6.3 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 3.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 6.3 | 1.8 | 0.1 | |
| HA | 53 | 66.0 | 4.4 | 2.9 | 69.8 | 3.8 | 2.6 | 13.2 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 96.2 | 5.9 | 5.7 | |
| LS | 31 | 61.3 | 5.0 | 3.1 | 41.9 | 3.5 | 1.5 | 6.5 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 67.7 | 6.8 | 4.6 | |
| TS | 30 | 63.3 | 4.3 | 2.7 | 53.3 | 5.1 | 2.7 | 13.3 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 83.3 | 6.7 | 5.6 | |
| HA + AP | 30 | 90.0 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 76.7 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 20.0 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 100.0 | 3.7 | 3.7 | |
| Site elevation a.s.l. [m] | [700–800[ | 132 | 30.3 | 4.1 | 1.2 | 30.3 | 3.5 | 1.1 | 8.3 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 42.4 | 5.6 | 2.4 |
| [800–900[ | 46 | 76.1 | 6.1 | 4.6 | 45.7 | 5.4 | 2.5 | 13.0 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 89.1 | 8.2 | 7.3 | |
| [900–1000] | 108 | 50.9 | 3.2 | 1.6 | 43.5 | 3.0 | 1.3 | 9.3 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 61.1 | 5.0 | 3.1 | |
| Seasons | Winter | 103 | 1.9 | 4.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 4.5 | 0.1 |
| Spring | 133 | 63.9 | 5.1 | 3.3 | 51.1 | 4.4 | 2.3 | 10.5 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 82.0 | 6.9 | 5.7 | |
| Summer | 50 | 80.0 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 74.0 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 18.0 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 98.0 | 4.4 | 4.3 | |
| Climate zones | Arid | 47 | 21.3 | 4.7 | 1.0 | 10.6 | 7.6 | 0.8 | 4.3 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 21.3 | 8.9 | 1.9 |
| Sub-desertic | 110 | 24.5 | 6.4 | 1.6 | 14.5 | 4.7 | 0.7 | 4.5 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 30.0 | 7.7 | 2.3 | |
| Desertic | 129 | 69.8 | 3.7 | 2.6 | 65.1 | 3.3 | 2.2 | 13.2 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 90.7 | 5.4 | 4.9 | |
| Total | 286 | 44.4 | 4.4 | 1.9 | 36.7 | 3.7 | 1.4 | 8.4 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 55.9 | 6.1 | 3.4 | |