Table 1.
Functional targets and pathways of withdrawn miRNAs in cancer biology.
| miRNA | Cancer | Expression | Target genes | Mechanism of action | Pathways | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| miR-34a | GC | UP | Cyclin D1, Cyclin E2, CDK4, CDK6 | Promotes inhibition of cancer-inhibiting processes, inhibiting proliferation, invasion, and metastasis | p53, PI3K/AKT, MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin | 55 |
| BC | DOWN | Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, SIRT1, IL-6R | Enhances cancer cell invasion and metastasis. | p53, Wnt/β-catenin, MCT-1/miR-34a/IL-6/IL-6R | 49, 52 | |
| TNBC | UP | Stat3, IL-6R | Inhibits cancer stem cells and EMT progression. | MCT-1/miR-34a/IL-6/IL-6R | 52 | |
| CRC | UP | IL-6R, NRF2 | Promotes tumor cell invasion and metastasis. | MCT-1/miR-34a/IL-6/IL-6R, ROS/KEAP1/NRF2 | 53 | |
| miR-21 | NSCLC | UP | PDCD4, PTEN, RECK | Inhibiting its expression can induce tumor cell apoptosis. | PTEN, TGF-β, PDCD4 | 26 |
| CRC | UP | PTEN, PDCD4, RECK, STAT3 | Enhances tumor aggressiveness, invasion, and metastasis; Increases sensitivity to treatments; Alters cell cycle and drug response. | TGF-β | 50, 65 | |
| GC | UP | PTEN | Enhances gastric cancer cell differentiation, angiogenesis, and metastasis | PTEN | 79 | |
| PCa | UP | PDCD4, PTEN | Inhibits pro-apoptotic signals. | PTEN/AKT | 44 | |
| miR-155 | BC | UP | SOCS6, STAT3, ARF, MDM2, SOCS1, NF-κB, RhoA, FOXO3A | Promotes tumor growth, mediates tamoxifen resistance, alters therapy sensitivity, influences invasiveness, and modulates energy metabolism. | SOCS6-STAT3, JAK-STAT, EMT, PI3K-AKT | 34, 56, 57 |
| LC | UP | SOCS6, STAT3, Apaf-1, VHL, TGF-β, RhoA | Reduces cisplatin sensitivity, enhances tamoxifen resistance, and increases invasiveness. | SOCS6/STAT3, Apaf-1, TGF-β, RhoA | 33, 34 | |
| BCL | UP | ARID2, AP-1, NF-κB | Promotes tumor growth. | NIAM | 34 | |
| HCC | UP | Cyclin D1, Cyclin E2, CDK4, CDK6 | Promotes inhibition of cancer-inhibiting processes, inhibiting proliferation, invasion, and metastasis | SOCS1/STAT3/NF-κB | 55 |
Abbreviation list: AP-1, Activator Protein 1; Apaf-1, Apoptotic Protease Activating Factor 1; ARF, Alternate Reading Frame; ARID2, AT-Rich Interaction Domain 2; BC, Breast Cancer; Bcl-xL, B-cell lymphoma-extra large; cMYC, MYC Proto-Oncogene, BHLH Transcription Factor; CRC, Colorectal Cancer; DOWN, Downregulated; EMT, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; FOXO3A, Forkhead Box O3; GC, Gastric Cancer; HCC, Hepatocellular Carcinoma; IL-6, Interleukin-6; IL-6R, Interleukin-6 Receptor; IL-6R, Interleukin-6 Receptor; KEAP1, Kelch-like ECH-Associated Protein 1; MAPK, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase; MCT-1, Monocarboxylate Transporter 1; MDM2, Mouse Double Minute 2 Homolog; NF-κB, Nuclear Factor Kappa B; NRF2, Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2; NSCLC, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer; PCa, Prostate Cancer; PDCD4, Programmed Cell Death 4; PDK, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase; PI3K/AKT, Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B; PIK3R1, Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase Regulatory Subunit 1; PTEN, Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog; RECK, Reversion-Inducing Cysteine-Rich Protein with Kazal Motifs; RhoA, Ras Homolog Family Member A; ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species; SIRT1, Sirtuin 1; SOCS6, Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 6; STAT3, Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3; TGF-β, Transforming Growth Factor Beta; TNBC, Triple-Negative Breast Cancer; UP, Upregulated; VHL, Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor; Wnt/β-catenin, Wingless/Integrated.