Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
Scientists contribute to any measurable scientific outcome in two ways: directly (focal scientist → scientific outcome) and indirectly (focal scientist → other scientists → scientific outcome). A scientist’s total causal effect on any scientific outcome is the sum of both direct and indirect effects.
