Table 3.

Association of facial age with cognitive test performance in the UK Biobank

		Full modela	P value
Main endpoints	Digit symbol substitution test (No. correct) (n = 42,639)
	younger than your age (ref.)	1 (ref.)
	about age	-0.15(-0.26~-0.05)	0.01
	older than your age	-0.69(-1.12~-0.26)	< 0.001
	P trend		< 0.001
	Trail making test A (time, seconds) (n = 36,181)
	younger than your age (ref.)	1 (ref.)
	about age	1.12(0.71 ~ 1.52)	< 0.001
	older than your age	0.83(-0.82 ~ 2.48)	0.32
	P trend		< 0.001
	Trail making test B (time, seconds) (n = 42,639)
	younger than your age (ref.)	1 (ref.)
	about age	1.35(0.68 ~ 2.03)	< 0.001
	older than your age	1.50(-1.25 ~ 4.25)	0.29
	P trend		< 0.001
Subordinate endpoints	Reaction time (time, milliseconds) (n = 193,178)
	younger than your age (ref.)	0 (ref.)
	about age	8.15 (6.88 ~ 9.42)	< 0.001
	older than your age	15.5 (10.5 ~ 20.6)	< 0.001
	P trend		< 0.001
	Fluid Intelligence score (n = 16,068)
	younger than your age (ref.)	0 (ref.)
	about age	-0.01 (-0.08 ~ 0.06)	0.28
	older than your age	-0.08 (-0.40 ~ 0.24)	0.46
	P trend		0.71

^a Full model was adjusted for age (years), sex (women; men), smoking status (current; former; never), ethnicity (white British; others), body mass index category (< 25.0; 25.0-29.9; ≥30.0 kg/m²), alcohol intake (current; previous; never), education (College or University degree; A levels or equivalent; O levels or equivalent; None of the above), regular physical activity (no; yes; others), family history of AD (no; yes), at least one APOE ε4 allele (no, yes, missing), cancer at baseline (no; yes), cardiovascular diseases at baseline (no; yes), hypertension at baseline (no; yes), type 2 diabetes at baseline (no; yes), C-reactive protein, depressive symptom (no; yes), time spent outdoors in the summer (tertiles) and use of sun/UV protection (never/rarely; sometimes; most of the time; always; do not go out in sunshine)