Table 1.
Weighted demographic characteristics of the participants.
| Vitamin B12,pg/mL | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | All | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p-value |
| N | 4,502 | 1,120 | 1,129 | 1,127 | 1,126 | |
| α-Klotho pg/mL | 872.68 ± 7.65 | 833.89 ± 10.72 | 868.06 ± 12.32 | 876.31 ± 12.73 | 917.54 ± 12.30 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin B12, pg/mL | 590.59 ± 7.61 | 305.69 ± 2.01 | 449.44 ± 1.61 | 607.75 ± 2.06 | 1056.94 ± 14.60 | <0.0001 |
| Age, years | 57.21 ± 0.26 | 57.77 ± 0.48 | 57.34 ± 0.50 | 56.79 ± 0.42 | 56.92 ± 0.49 | 0.1207 |
| Family PIR | 2.64 ± 0.03 | 2.64 ± 0.07 | 2.56 ± 0.08 | 2.71 ± 0.07 | 2.65 ± 0.06 | 0.5806 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.46 ± 0.17 | 30.03 ± 0.33 | 29.85 ± 0.28 | 29.05 ± 0.17 | 28.80 ± 0.31 | 0.0005 |
| Waist Circumference, cm | 101.53 ± 0.4 | 103.46 ± 0.74 | 102.51 ± 0.54 | 100.76 ± 0.46 | 99.10 ± 0.74 | <0.0001 |
| 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, nmol/L | 63.97 ± 0.41 | 64.18 ± 1.01 | 63.93 ± 1.27 | 62.86 ± 1.00 | 65.02 ± 1.09 | 0.7975 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 54.06 ± 0.43 | 52.60 ± 0.84 | 54.00 ± 0.54 | 53.63 ± 0.71 | 56.26 ± 0.88 | 0.0094 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 161.82 ± 3.44 | 172.23 ± 7.51 | 165.01 ± 5.32 | 156.45 ± 4.21 | 152.55 ± 4.94 | 0.0099 |
| Glucose, mg/dl | 104.67 ± 0.82 | 106.02 ± 2.21 | 105.29 ± 1.20 | 102.92 ± 1.33 | 104.44 ± 1.39 | 0.3805 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.77 ± 0.02 | 5.75 ± 0.05 | 5.76 ± 0.03 | 5.72 ± 0.04 | 5.85 ± 0.05 | 0.2939 |
| Serum urate mg/dL | 5.34 ± 0.03 | 5.47 ± 0.07 | 5.39 ± 0.05 | 5.33 ± 0.05 | 5.13 ± 0.06 | 0.0001 |
| eGFR mL/min/1.73/m2 | 86.18 ± 0.43 | 85.52 ± 0.64 | 86.58 ± 0.69 | 87.05 ± 0.94 | 85.46 ± 0.70 | 0.8452 |
| AST U/L | 26.05 ± 0.34 | 24.72 ± 0.81 | 24.45 ± 0.49 | 27.15 ± 0.77 | 28.14 ± 0.70 | 0.0007 |
| ALT U/L | 25.39 ± 0.33 | 23.76 ± 0.64 | 23.97 ± 0.68 | 26.90 ± 0.82 | 27.15 ± 0.73 | 0.0001 |
| Gender (%) | 0.9688 | |||||
| Male | 2,162(47.52) | 534(48.26) | 526(46.94) | 531(47.98) | 571(46.84) | |
| Female | 2,340(52.48) | 586(51.74) | 603(53.06) | 596(52.02) | 555(53.16) | |
| Race (%) | 0.1263 | |||||
| Mexican American | 535(11.46) | 140(13.55) | 124(11.12) | 124(10.01) | 147(11.18) | |
| Other Hispanic | 467(9.86) | 107(8.80) | 130(12.17) | 111(9.85) | 119(8.36) | |
| Non-Hispanic White people | 1839(41.68) | 441(38.66) | 445(39.88) | 478(44.76) | 475(43.68) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black people | 1,006(22.87) | 271(24.78) | 252(21.56) | 251(22.99) | 232(22.12) | |
| Other Race – Including Multi-Racial | 655(14.12) | 161(14.21) | 178(15.27) | 163(12.39) | 153(14.66) | |
| Education (%) | 0.2274 | |||||
| Less than 9th grade | 483(10.29) | 99(8.34) | 144(12.61) | 108(10.72) | 132(9.28) | |
| 9–11th grade (Includes 12th grade with no diploma) | 627(14.18) | 161(14.87) | 182(16.22) | 138(12.71) | 146(12.69) | |
| High school graduate/GED or equivalent | 973(22.15) | 245(22.70) | 239(20.83) | 252(21.46) | 237(23.88) | |
| Some college or AA degree | 1,284(28.56) | 347(29.49) | 281(25.06) | 348(31.46) | 308(28.31) | |
| College graduate or above | 1,134(24.81) | 267(24.59) | 283(25.28) | 281(23.65) | 303(25.84) | |
| Physical activity (%) | 0.4397 | |||||
| Activity | 1,362(30.27) | 344(31.08) | 345(31.79) | 341(30.3) | 332(27.56) | |
| Inactivity | 3,137(69.73) | 776(68.92) | 783(68.21) | 784(69.7) | 794(72.44) | |
| Alcohol use (%) | 0.5287 | |||||
| Yes | 2,968(70.91) | 715(68.13) | 735(72.01) | 747(71.71) | 771(71.93) | |
| No | 1,166(29.09) | 316(31.87) | 292(27.99) | 283(28.29) | 275(28.07) | |
| Smoking status (%) | 0.7863 | |||||
| Yes | 2,100(47.29) | 524(47.14) | 507(46.87) | 545(48.98) | 524(46.02) | |
| No | 2,401(52.71) | 596(52.86) | 621(53.13) | 582(51.02) | 602(53.98) | |
| Sleep disorder (%) | 0.4859 | |||||
| Yes | 552(12.69) | 139(12.06) | 158(14.22) | 141(12.64) | 114(11.68) | |
| No | 3,943(87.31) | 981(87.94) | 969(85.78) | 982(87.36) | 1,011(88.32) | |
| Hypertension (%) | 0.9218 | |||||
| Yes | 2,112(47.39) | 532(48.18) | 530(46.7) | 528(48.03) | 522(46.58) | |
| No | 2,385(52.61) | 588(51.82) | 597(53.30) | 598(51.97) | 602(53.42) | |
| Diabetes (%) | 0.2575 | |||||
| Yes | 573(12.62) | 139(11.94) | 155(14.71) | 135(12.74) | 144(10.79) | |
| No | 3,726(87.38) | 924(88.06) | 917(85.29) | 944(87.26) | 941(89.21) | |
| Weak kidneys (%) | 0.7888 | |||||
| Yes | 183(4.06) | 51(4.00) | 38(3.40) | 46(4.45) | 48(4.43) | |
| No | 4,311(95.94) | 1,066(96.00) | 1,089(96.60) | 1,081(95.55) | 1,075(95.57) | |
| Asthma (%) | 0.6016 | |||||
| Yes | 632(13.57) | 159(12.79) | 159(13.79) | 159(14.85) | 155(12.74) | |
| No | 3,866(86.43) | 960(87.21) | 968(86.21) | 968(85.15) | 970(87.26) | |
| Congestive heart failure (%) | 0.8986 | |||||
| Yes | 164(3.94) | 45(3.48) | 37(3.86) | 37(4.47) | 45(3.93) | |
| No | 4,327(96.06) | 1,070(96.52) | 1,090(96.14) | 1,088(95.53) | 1,079(96.07) | |
| Coronary heart disease (%) | 0.7138 | |||||
| Yes | 197(4.47) | 48(3.85) | 48(5.13) | 49(4.65) | 52(4.21) | |
| No | 4,293(95.53) | 1,066(96.15) | 1,079(94.87) | 1,075(95.35) | 1,073(95.79) | |
| COPD (%) | 0.418 | |||||
| Yes | 304(7.54) | 72(6.98) | 83(9.24) | 79(7.10) | 70(6.69) | |
| No | 4,186(92.46) | 1,043(93.02) | 1,043(90.76) | 1,048(92.9) | 1,052(93.31) | |
| Thyroid problem (%) | 0.032 | |||||
| Yes | 500(12.89) | 104(10.34) | 106(11.89) | 139(13.39) | 151(16.39) | |
| No | 3,990(87.11) | 1,015(89.66) | 1,022(88.11) | 984(86.61) | 969(83.61) | |
| Liver condition (%) | 0.1259 | |||||
| Yes | 218(4.25) | 48(2.99) | 50(4.26) | 58(4.99) | 62(4.81) | |
| No | 4,274(95.75) | 1,068(97.01) | 1,078(95.74) | 1,065(95.01) | 1,063(95.19) | |
| Stroke (%) | 0.138 | |||||
| Yes | 158(2.53) | 48(3.11) | 33(1.64) | 35(2.25) | 42(3.27) | |
| No | 4,340(97.47) | 1,071(96.89) | 1,095(98.36) | 1,091(97.75) | 1,083(96.73) | |
| Gout (%) | 0.7794 | |||||
| Yes | 210(4.87) | 56(5.33) | 52(5.08) | 47(4.13) | 55(4.93) | |
| No | 4,289(95.13) | 1,064(94.67) | 1,077(94.92) | 1,078(95.87) | 1,070(95.07) | |
| Cancer or Malignancy (%) | 0.9686 | |||||
| Yes | 467(12.75) | 119(12.43) | 116(12.50) | 110(12.82) | 122(13.32) | |
| No | 4,032(87.25) | 1,001(87.57) | 1,001(87.50) | 1,016(87.18) | 1,004(86.68) | |
Values are means ± standard errors or n (%). For continuous variables: P-value was calculated by survey-weighted linear regression. For categorical variables: P-value was determined by survey-weighted Chi-square test. Drinking or smoking means drinking at least 12 drinks a year or smoking at least 100 cigarettes in a lifetime, respectively. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; Family PIR, family poverty income ratio-PIR.