Table 2.
The results of univariate analysis for α-Klotho, pg/mL.
| Covariate | Statistics | Effect size (β) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin B12, pg/mL | 610.37 ± 364.07 | 0.06 (0.03, 0.08) | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin B12,pg/mL Tertile | |||
| Low | 1,500 (33.32%) | Reference | |
| Middle | 1,498 (33.27%) | 27.31 (6.01, 48.61) | 0.012 |
| High | 1,504 (33.41%) | 70.77 (49.49, 92.05) | <0.0001 |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 2,162 (48.02%) | Reference | |
| Female | 2,340 (51.98%) | −5.64(−23.11,11.84) | 0.5272 |
| Age, years | 57.30 ± 10.71 | 0.05 (−0.76, 0.87) | 0.9016 |
| Age, years Tertile | |||
| Low | 1,422 (31.59%) | Reference | |
| Middle | 1,543 (34.27%) | −9.02 (−30.55, 12.52) | 0.4118 |
| High | 1,537 (34.14%) | 0.38 (−21.18, 21.94) | 0.9724 |
| Race/Hispanic origin | |||
| Mexican American | 535 (11.88%) | Reference | |
| Other Hispanic | 467 (10.37%) | 8.31 (−28.79, 45.41) | 0.6607 |
| Non-Hispanic White people | 1839 (40.85%) | 6.39 (−22.38, 35.17) | 0.6633 |
| Non-Hispanic Black people | 1,006 (22.35%) | 13.20 (−18.15, 44.54) | 0.4094 |
| Other Race – Including Multi-Racial | 655 (14.55%) | 27.98 (−6.16, 62.11) | 0.1083 |
| Education | |||
| Less than 9th grade | 483 (10.73%) | Reference | |
| 9–11th grade (includes 12th grade with no diploma) | 627 (13.93%) | −21.20 (−56.66, 14.26) | 0.2413 |
| High school graduate/GED or equivalent | 973 (21.62%) | −0.21 (−32.81, 32.39) | 0.9901 |
| Some college or AA degree | 1,284 (28.53%) | −23.72 (−54.98, 7.54) | 0.1371 |
| College graduate or above | 1,134 (25.19%) | −8.36 (−40.18, 23.47) | 0.6068 |
| Family PIR | 2.62 ± 1.67 | −0.71 (−6.12, 4.70) | 0.7967 |
| Family PIR Tertile | |||
| Low | 1,375 (32.97%) | Reference | |
| Middle | 1,400 (33.57%) | 4.77 (−17.32, 26.87) | 0.6719 |
| High | 1,395 (33.45%) | 1.44 (−20.68, 23.56) | 0.8984 |
| Physical activity | |||
| Activity | 1,362 (30.27%) | Reference | |
| Inactivity | 3,137 (69.73%) | −6.22 (−25.23, 12.80) | 0.5217 |
| Alcohol use | |||
| Yes | 2,968 (71.79%) | Reference | |
| No | 1,166 (28.21%) | −12.53 (−32.80, 7.73) | 0.2256 |
| Smoking status | |||
| Yes | 2,100 (46.66%) | Reference | |
| No | 2,401 (53.34%) | −1.31 (−18.82, 16.19) | 0.8833 |
| Sleep disorder | |||
| Yes | 552 (12.28%) | Reference | |
| No | 3,943 (87.72%) | 17.43 (−9.20, 44.05) | 0.1996 |
| Hypertension | |||
| Yes | 2,112 (46.96%) | Reference | |
| No | 2,385 (53.04%) | 8.35 (−9.16, 25.86) | 0.3500 |
| Diabetes | |||
| Yes | 573 (13.33%) | Reference | |
| No | 3,726 (86.67%) | 16.18 (−9.99, 42.36) | 0.2257 |
| Weak kidneys | |||
| Yes | 183 (4.07%) | Reference | |
| No | 4,311 (95.93%) | −43.07 (−87.15, 1.01) | 0.0556 |
| Asthma | |||
| Yes | 632 (14.05%) | Reference | |
| No | 3,866 (85.95%) | 11.07 (−14.07, 36.21) | 0.3882 |
| Congestive heart failure | |||
| Yes | 164 (3.65%) | Reference | |
| No | 4,327 (96.35%) | −26.73 (−73.27, 19.81) | 0.2604 |
| Coronary heart disease | |||
| Yes | 197 (4.39%) | Reference | |
| No | 4,293 (95.61%) | 9.37 (−33.33, 52.07) | 0.6670 |
| COPD | |||
| Yes | 304 (6.77%) | Reference | |
| No | 4,186 (93.23%) | 34.63 (−0.14, 69.39) | 0.0510 |
| Thyroid problem | |||
| Yes | 500 (11.14%) | Reference | |
| No | 3,990 (88.86%) | −22.14 (−49.92, 5.65) | 0.1184 |
| Liver condition | |||
| Yes | 218 (4.85%) | Reference | |
| No | 4,274 (95.15%) | −28.48 (−69.17, 12.21) | 0.1702 |
| Stroke | |||
| Yes | 158 (3.51%) | Reference | |
| No | 4,340 (96.49%) | 30.43 (−17.03, 77.88) | 0.2089 |
| Gout | |||
| Yes | 210 (4.67%) | Reference | |
| No | 4,289 (95.33%) | 46.59 (5.19, 87.98) | 0.0274 |
| Cancer or Malignancy | |||
| Yes | 467 (10.38%) | Reference | |
| No | 4,032 (89.62%) | 37.68 (9.06, 66.30) | 0.0099 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.45 ± 6.83 | 0.09 (−1.20, 1.37) | 0.8942 |
| BMI, kg/m2 Tertile | |||
| Low | 1,464 (32.83%) | Reference | |
| Middle | 1,508 (33.81%) | −31.04 (−52.51, −9.58) | 0.0046 |
| High | 1,488 (33.36%) | −11.56 (−33.09, 9.98) | 0.2929 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 100.79 ± 15.53 | −0.84 (−1.41, −0.27) | 0.0041 |
| Waist Circumference, cm Tertile | |||
| Low | 1,431 (33.03%) | Reference | |
| Middle | 1,452 (33.52%) | −21.16 (−42.96, 0.63) | 0.0571 |
| High | 1,449 (33.45%) | −25.80 (−47.61, −3.99) | 0.0205 |
| 25-hydroxyvitamin D3,nmol/L | 63.69 ± 28.89 | 0.06 (−0.25, 0.36) | 0.7198 |
| 25-hydroxyvitamin D3,nmol/L Tertile | |||
| Low | 1,501 (33.34%) | Reference | |
| Middle | 1,500 (33.32%) | 11.97 (−9.41, 33.36) | 0.2726 |
| High | 1,501 (33.34%) | 6.82 (−14.57, 28.20) | 0.5320 |
| HDL, mg/dl | 53.41 ± 15.92 | 0.28 (−0.26, 0.83) | 0.3104 |
| HDL, mg/dl Tertile | |||
| Low | 1,405 (31.21%) | Reference | |
| Middle | 1,522 (33.81%) | 22.43 (0.77, 44.09) | 0.0425 |
| High | 1,575 (34.98%) | 25.15 (3.67, 46.64) | 0.0218 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dl | 161.73 ± 151.96 | −0.08 (−0.13, −0.02) | 0.0103 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dl Tertile | |||
| Low | 1,482 (32.95%) | Reference | |
| Middle | 1,507 (33.50%) | −25.81 (−47.21, −4.40) | 0.0182 |
| High | 1,509 (33.55%) | −39.91 (−61.31, −18.52) | 0.0003 |
| Glucose, mg/dl | 108.29 ± 45.41 | 0.65 (0.46, 0.85) | <0.0001 |
| Glucose, mg/dl Tertile | |||
| Low | 1,447 (32.14%) | Reference | |
| Middle | 1,554 (34.52%) | −19.44 (−40.82, 1.94) | 0.0748 |
| High | 1,501 (33.34%) | 14.37 (−7.20, 35.93) | 0.1917 |
| HbA1c,% | 5.92 ± 1.19 | 19.87 (12.54, 27.20) | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c,% Tertile | |||
| Low | 1,127 (25.04%) | Reference | |
| Middle | 1800 (40.00%) | −9.71 (−31.95, 12.53) | 0.3922 |
| High | 1,573 (34.96%) | 15.42 (−7.44, 38.27) | 0.1862 |
| Serum urate, mg/dL | 5.36 ± 1.34 | −27.11 (−33.59, −20.64) | <0.0001 |
| Serum urate, mg/dL Tertile | |||
| Low | 1,422 (31.60%) | Reference | |
| Middle | 1,557 (34.60%) | −25.65 (−47.02, −4.27) | 0.0187 |
| High | 1,521 (33.80%) | −75.78 (−97.27, −54.28) | <0.0001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73/m2 | 88.61 ± 20.76 | 1.10 (0.68, 1.52) | <0.0001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73/m2 Tertile | |||
| Low | 1,501 (33.34%) | Reference | |
| Middle | 1,500 (33.32%) | 24.96 (3.62, 46.29) | 0.0219 |
| High | 1,501 (33.34%) | 51.57 (30.23, 72.90) | <0.0001 |
| AST, U/L | 25.86 ± 15.58 | 1.23 (0.67, 1.79) | <0.0001 |
| AST, U/L Tertile | |||
| Low | 1,468 (32.64%) | Reference | |
| Middle | 1,503 (33.41%) | 11.26 (−10.21, 32.73) | 0.3040 |
| High | 1,527 (33.95%) | 38.43 (17.04, 59.82) | 0.0004 |
| ALT, U/L | 24.92 ± 16.49 | 0.68 (0.15, 1.21) | 0.0120 |
| ALT, U/L Tertile | |||
| Low | 1,368 (30.42%) | Reference | |
| Middle | 1,564 (34.78%) | −16.79 (−38.47, 4.90) | 0.1293 |
| High | 1,565 (34.80%) | 5.68 (−16.00, 27.36) | 0.6075 |
β (95%CI). Drinking or smoking means drinking at least 12 drinks a year or smoking at least 100 cigarettes in a lifetime, respectively. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; Family PIR, family poverty income ratio-PIR.