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. 2024 Nov 6;132(11):117001. doi: 10.1289/EHP14334

Figure 5.

Figure 5 is a set of four graphs, plotting natural logarithm (perfluorohexane sulfonic acid), ranging from negative 4 to 2 in increments of 2; natural logarithm (perfluorooctane sulfonic acid), ranging from negative 4 to 2 in increments of 2; and natural logarithm (perfluorooctanoic acid) ranging from negative 4 to 2 in increments of 2; natural logarithm (perfluorononanoic acid), ranging from negative 4 to 0 in increments of 2 (y-axis) across sample, including maternal early samples, maternal late samples, and dried blood spots (x-axis).

Adjusted percentage change and 95% CIs for PFAS concentrations among maternal–newborn pairs (N=199) using linear mixed effect models. PFAS in DBS were normalized to serum concentrations for comparison with maternal serum PFAS. Samples measured below the LOD were imputed with the LOD divided by the square root of 2; models were adjusted for age, education, hospital site, parity, body mass index, alcohol, marijuana use, and infant sex. Thin lines represent individual trajectories of PFAS concentrations. Thick lines represent the adjusted mean concentrations of PFAS on population level for early pregnancy–late pregnancy and late pregnancy–delivery time points. Red and blue color indicate an increased or decreased PFAS, respectively. Statistically significant changes over time are indicated by an asterisk. Note: CI, confidence interval; DBS, dried blood spots; LOD, limit of detection; ME, maternal early samples; ML, maternal late samples; PFAS, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances; PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid; PFNA, perfluorononanoic acid; PFOA, perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid.