Fig. 2.

Metabolic differences in locations [left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (DLPFCs)] and groups (EP, MWoA, EWM, and HCs). (a) Metabolic differences between the left and right DLPFCs. The comparison revealed that NAA was asymmetrical, with a higher level in the left DLPFC than in the right (P = 0.031). (b) Metabolic differences among the four groups. The multiple comparison revealed that both NAA and Ins were significantly reduced in EWM when compared with HCs (P = 0.030 and 0.038). In addition, MWoA had a higher Cho level than that of HCs, EP and EWM (P = 0.036, 0.047, and 0.007). The upper edge and whisker of the rectangle represent the mean and range, respectively. Cho, choline-containing compounds; Cr, creatine and phosphocreatine; EP, epilepsy; EWM, EP comorbid with MWoA; Glx, glutamate and glutamine (Glx, Glu and Gln); HCs, healthy controls; Ins, myoinositol; L, the left DLPFC; MWoA, migraine without aura; NAA, N-acetyl aspartate; R, the right DLPFC.. P < 0.05 indicates statistical significance.