Table 1.
QTLs obtained using the three single models.l
| Categorya | Traitsb | Trait ∼ P. deltoidesc | Trait ∼ P. nigrad | Trait ∼ Dosagee | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # of QTLf | % explained by single QTL (µ ± σ)g | % explained by all QTLsh | # of QTLf | % explained by single QTL (µ ± σ)g | % explained by all QTLsh | # of QTLf | % explained by single QTL (µ ± σ)g | % explained by all QTLsh | ||
| Biomass | Coppicing_y1i | 1 | 4.6 ± 0 | 4.6 | 0 | NA | NA | 2 | 6.1 ± 1.6 | 7.0 |
| Diameter_basej | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | 1 | 3.4 ± 0 | 3.4 | |
| Time_serie_diameter_breast_heightk | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | 4 | 3.7 ± 0.1 | 7.6 | |
| Volumej | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | 1 | 4.5 ± 0 | 4.5 | |
| Leaf | Area_y1_y2 | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | 4 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 9.8 |
| Circularity_y1_y2 | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | 3 | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 11.7 | |
| Horizontal_symmetry_y1_y2 | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | 1 | 10.8 ± 0 | 10.8 | |
| Width_y1_y2 | 1 | 4.0 ± 0 | 4.0 | 1 | 4.2 ± 0 | 4.2 | 4 | 3.2 ± 0.3 | 10.0 | |
| Indent_depth_y1_y2 | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | 1 | 3.2 ± 0 | 3.2 | |
| Indent_width_y1_y2 | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | 1 | 4.8 ± 0 | 4.8 | |
| Num_Indents_y1_y2 | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | 6 | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 19.8 | |
| PC1:PC2_y1_y2 | 0 | NA | NA | 1 | 4.1 ± 0 | 4.1 | 5 | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 10.7 | |
| PC1:PC3_y1_y2 | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | 7 | 6.2 ± 0.9 | 23.7 | |
| PC1:PC4_y1_y2 | 0 | NA | NA | 1 | 4.1 ± 0 | 4.1 | 4 | 4.6 ± 1.2 | 12.8 | |
| PC1_y1_y2 | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | 8 | 5.6 ± 0.8 | 21.1 | |
| PC3:PC4_y1_y2 | 1 | 4.3 ± 0 | 4.3 | 0 | NA | NA | 2 | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 6.6 | |
| PC4_y1_y2 | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | 3 | 4.4 ± 0.9 | 13.4 | |
| Perimeter_y1_y2 | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | 2 | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 6.4 | |
| Perimeter2:Area2_y1_y2 | 1 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | |
| Length:width_y1_y2 | 1 | 4.7 ± 0 | 4.7 | 0 | NA | NA | 7 | 6.9 ± 0.6 | 19.3 | |
| Length_y1_y2 | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | 1 | 3.5 ± 0 | 3.5 | |
| Phenology | Bud_burst_y1_y2 | 0 | NA | NA | 1 | 5.6 ± 0 | 5.6 | 2 | 6.1 ± 0.6 | 6.6 |
| Color_y1_y2_y3 | 1 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 0 | NA | NA | 5 | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 14.2 | |
| Drop_y1_y2_y3 | 1 | 4.4 ± 0 | 4.4 | 0 | NA | NA | 2 | 5.9 ± 1.2 | 7.9 | |
| Green_canopy_duration_y1_y2 | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | 2 | 4.9 ± 0.1 | 6.8 | |
| Time_serie_bud_burst_y1_y2 | 0 | NA | NA | 2 | 4.5 ± 0.8 | 7.2 | 2 | 8.6 ± 1.2 | 17.7 | |
| Time_serie_color_y1_y2_y3 | 1 | 3.8 ± 0 | 3.8 | 0 | NA | NA | 3 | 4.5 ± 0.5 | 9.7 | |
| Time_serie_drop_y1_y2_y3 | 1 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 0 | NA | NA | 3 | 5.2 ± 1.5 | 12.7 | |
a Three major phenotypic categories (Biomass, Leaf morphology, Phenology) used for QTL analysis in this study.
b Shortcuts of trait names applied in QTL analysis. The full explanation of traits can be found in Supplementary File 2.
c-eThree models used for QTL analysis. Traits represent phenotypic data. P. deltoides, P. nigra and Dosage represent P. deltoides genotypes, P. nigra genotypes and Dosage states, respectively.
f Number of QTLs observed in each trait.
g Phenotypic variance explained by every observed QTL on average.
h Total phenotypic variance explained by all of the observed QTLs in one trait.
i Year 1 refers to the year 2014. Year 2 refers to the year 2015. Year 3 refers to the year 2016.
j The 2 biomass traits without year information (Diameter and Volume) are measured at a single time point corresponding to the day of harvest (December 2016).
k Biomass trait Time_serie_diameter_breast_height was the diameter at breast height, measuring as a continuous time series.
l Only the 27 traits with observed QTLs were shown here. The complete traits list is in Supplementary File 2.