Table 2.

Immunological modulation in SLD pathogenesis

Modulation	Targeting/ Formula	Candidate	Diseases	Reference
Targeting hepatocyte death	Oxidative stress	N-acetylcysteine	MetALD	[222]
		Metoprolol	MetALD	[223]
		S-adenosylmethionine	MetALD	[224, 225]
		Selonsertib	MASLD	[226]
		Vitamin E	MASLD	[227, 228]
		Betaine	MASLD	[230]
		Ursodeoxycholic acid	MASLD	[231]
	Liver regeneration	G-CSF	MetALD	[232, 233]
		F-652	MetALD	[234]
		Bavachinin	MASLD	[235]
Targeting inflammatory responses	Inflammatory factor	Prednisone	MetALD	[209]
	TNF	Infliximab	MetALD	[210]
		Enalapril	MetALD	[211]
		PTX	MASLD	[213]
				[212]
	TLR	JKB-121	MASLD	[217]
		Vitamin D	MASLD	[217]
		HA35	MetALD	[214, 215]
	IL-1	Anakinra	MetALD	[209]
	FXR	Obeticholic acid	MetALD	NA
		Obeticholic acid	MASLD	[218]
		EDP-305	MASLD	[220]
	LPS	HA35	MetALD	[214]
		IMM-124E	MASLD	[221]
Targeting gut microbiota	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG	Probiotics	MetALD	[238]
	Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 and Lactobacillus acidophilus R0052	Probiotics	MetALD	[239, 240]
	Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus	Probiotics	MASLD	[244]
	Inulin-type fructans	Prebiotic	MASLD	[246]
	Oligofructose	Prebiotic	MASLD	[245]
	Vancomycin, gentamicin and meropenem	Antibiotics	MetALD	[241]
	Cidomycin	Antibiotics	MASLD	[247]
	Rifaximin	Antibiotics	MASLD	[248]
	Amoxicillin	Antibiotics	MetALD	[242]
	Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae	FMT	MetALD	[250]
	Healthy donor microbiome	FMT	MetALD	[251]
		FMT	MASLD	[252]

SLD, steatotic liver diseases; MetALD, metabolic dysfunction-associated alcoholic liver disease; TLR, toll-like receptors; IL, interleukin; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; FMT, fecal microbiota transplantation.